Works Cited

1. Starr JR. The relative contribution of oral cancer risk factors may differ in younger as compared to older adults. J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2005;5(2):78-79.

2. The Oral Cancer Foundation. Oral Cancer Facts. Available at https://oralcancerfoundation.org/facts. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

3. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Wagle NS, Jemal A. Cancer statistics 2023. CA Cancer J Clin. 2023;73(1):17-48.

4. American Cancer Society. Risk Factors for Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancers. Available at https://www.cancer.org/cancer/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

5. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. Oral Cancer. Available at https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/health-info/oral-cancer. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

6. National Cancer Institute. Cancer Stat Facts: Oral Cavity and Pharynx Cancer. Available at https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/oralcav.html. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

7. D'Souza G, Kreimer AR, Viscidi R, et al. Case-control study of human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007;19(356):1944-1986.

8. HealthPartners Dental Group and Clinics Oral Cancer Guideline. Available at https://www.guidelinecentral.com/summaries/healthpartners-dental-group-and-clinics-oral-cancer-guideline/. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association/Infectious Diseases Society of America. Treating opportunistic infections among HIV-infected adults and adolescents. MMWR. 2004;53(RR15):1-112.

10. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Oral Cancer Fact Sheet. Available at https://www.aaoms.org/docs/media/oral_cancer/2017_oral_cancer_fact_sheet.pdf. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

11. National Collaborating Centre for Primary Care. Referral Guidelines for Suspected Cancer in Adults and Children. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45765. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

12. Wilson DF, De-Jun J, Pierce AM, Wiebkin OW. Oral cancer: role of the basement membrane in invasion. Aust Dent J. 1999;44(2):93-97.

13. Strassburg M, Knolle G. Diseases of the Oral Mucosa: A Color Atlas. 2nd ed. Carol Stream, IL: Quintessence Publishing Co., Inc.; 1994.

14. The Oral Cancer Foundation. CDC Oral Cancer Background Papers: Premalignant Lesions. Available at https://oralcancerfoundation.org/cdc. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

15. Sciubba JJ. Improving detection of precancerous and cancerous oral lesions: computer-assisted analysis of the oral brush biopsy. J Am Dent Assoc. 1999;130:1445-1457.

16. National Cancer Institute. What is Cancer? Available at https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

17. National Institutes of Health. Environment and Gene Interactions Cancer Module. Available at https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/assets/docs_a_e/environment_and_gene_interactions_cancer_module_508.pdf. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

18. Perez-Ordonez B, Beauchemin M, Jordan RCK. Molecular biology of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Clin Path. 2006;59(5):445-453.

19. Barnes L. Surgical Pathology of the Head and Neck. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare; 2009.

20. Benjamin SD. Innovative methods of oral cancer detection. J Practical Hyg. 2003;12(6):2-3.

21. Zhang L, Williams M, Poh CF, et al. Toluidine blue staining identifies high-risk primary oral premalignant lesions with poor outcome. Cancer Res. 2005;65(17):8017-8021.

22. Epstein JB, Sciubba J, Silverman S Jr, Sroussi HY. Utility of toluidine blue in oral premalignant lesions and squamous cell carcinoma: continuing research and implications for clinical practice. Head Neck. 2007;29(10):948-958.

23. Su WW, Yen AM, Chiu SY, Chen TH. A community-based RCT for oral cancer screening with toluidine blue. J Dent Res. 2010;89(9):933-937.

24. Sciubba JJ. Oral cancer and its detection: history-taking and the diagnostic phase of management. J Am Dent Assoc. 2001;132(Suppl 1):12s-17s.

25. Svirsky JA, Burns JC, Carpenter WM, et al. Comparison of computer-assisted brush biopsy results with follow up scalpel biopsy and histology. Gen Dent. 2002;50(6):500-503.

26. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancer Prevention: Incidence and Mortality. Available at https://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/hp/oral-prevention-pdq#section/all. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

27. Wiley InterScience. Reference Work: TNM Online. 8th ed. Available at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780471420194. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

28. National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. Staging. Available at https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/diagnosis-staging/staging. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

29. World Health Organization. TNM Classification of Carcinomas of the Oral Cavity. Available at https://screening.iarc.fr/atlasoralclassiftnm.php. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

30. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Oral cancer. Surg Update. 2003;18(1).

31. Scott SE, Grunfeld EA, McGurk M. The idiosyncratic relationship between diagnostic delay and stage of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol. 2005;41(4):396-403.

32. Jensen A, Nolet PS, Diwan MA. Oral squamous cell carcinoma: an atypical presentation mimicking temporomandibular joint disorder. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2004;48(4):266-272.

33. Carvalho AL, Pintos J, Schlecht NF, et al. Predictive factors for diagnosis of advanced-stage squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002;128(3):313-314.

34. Magge KT, Myers EN, Johson JT. Radiation following surgery for oral cancer: impact on local control. Laryngoscope. 2003;113(6):933-935.

35. De Crevoisier RMD, Bourhis J, Eschwege FMD. Modified fractionated radiotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) re-irradiation in recurrent head and neck carcinomas. In: Brockstein B, Masters G (eds). Head and Neck Cancer. New York, NY: Springer; 2003.

36. Oral Cancer Foundation. Radiation. Available at https://oralcancerfoundation.org/treatment/radiation. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

37. Min YM, Lin YC, Wang YB, Wu DM. Dramatic and prolonged decrease of whole salivary secretion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients treated with radiotherapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006;101(3):322-327.

38. Stanley J. Oral complications of radiation therapy and their management: a review. Detroit Dent Bull. 2000;69(7-8).

39. Ho C. Cetuximab in locally advanced head-and-neck cancer: defining the population. Curr Oncol. 2010;17(4):48-51.

40. Hiraishi Y, Wada T, Nakatani K, Negoro K, Fujita S. Immunohistochemical expression of EGFR and p-EGFR in oral squamous cell carcinomas. Pathol Oncol Res. 2006;12(2):87-91.

41. Goyal M, Shukla P, Gupta D, et al. Oral mucositis in morning vs. evening irradiated patients: a randomised prospective study. Int J Radiat Biol. 2009;85(6):504-509.

42. Shukla P, Gupta D, Munshi A, Agarwal JP. Cetuximab and cancers of the head and neck: tapping the circadian rhythm. Med Hypotheses. 2011;77(3):336-338.

43. Rubinstein EB, Peterson DE, Schubert M, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of cancer therapy-induced oral and gastrointestinal mucositis. Cancer. 2004;100(9 Suppl):2026-2046.

44. Patni N, Patni S, Bapna N, Somani M, Gupta A, Ratnam BV. The role amifostine in prophylixis of radiotherapy induced mucositis and xerostomia in head and neck cancer. J Clin Onc. 2004;22(14S):5568.

45. Harrison JS, Dale RA, Haveman CW, Redding SW. Oral complications in radiation therapy. Gen Dent. 2003;51(6):552-560.

46. National Cancer Institute. Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 5.0. Available at https://ctep.cancer.gov/protocolDevelopment/electronic_applications/ctc.htm. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

47. Silverman S Jr. Oral cancer: complications of therapy. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1999;88(2):122-126.

48. Elad S, Cheng KKF, Lalla RV, et al. MASCC/ISOO clinical practice guidelines for the management of mucositis secondary to cancer therapy. Cancer. 2020;126(19):4423-4431.

49. Vadhan-Raj S, Goldberg JD, Perales MA, Berger DP, van den Brink MR. Clinical applications of palifermin: amelioration of oral mucositis and other potential indications. J Cell Mol Med. 2013;17(11):1371-1384.

51. Wynn RL, Meiller TF, Crossley HL. Drug Information Handbook for Dentistry. 25th ed. Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp, Inc.; 2020.

52. Hensley ML, Hagerty KL, Kewalramani T, American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2008 clinical practice guideline update: use of chemotherapy and radiation therapy protectants. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(1):127-145.

53. Henke M, Alfonsi M, Foa P, et al. Palifermin decreases severe oral mucositis of patients undergoing postoperative radiochemotherapy for head and neck cancer: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(20):2815-2820.

54. ClinicaTrials.gov. A Study of Palifermin for the Reduction of Oral Mucositis in Subjects With Advanced Head and Neck Cancer. Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00131638. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

55. Eilers J. Nursing interventions and supportive care for the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis associated with cancer treatment. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2004;31(4 Suppl):13-23.

56. Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne. Mouth Care: Oral Care of the Paediatric Oncology Patient and Haematopoieitic Stem Cell Transplant Patient. Available at https://www.rch.org.au/rchcpg/hospital_clinical_guideline_index/Mouth_Care_Oral_hygiene_for_HaematologyOncology_children/. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

57. Farrington M, Cullen L, Dawson C. Assessment of oral mucositis in adult and pediatric oncology patients: an evidence-based approach. ORL Head Neck Nurs. 2010;28(3):8-15.

58. Potting C. Oral Mucositis: A Nurse's Perspective. Available at https://repository.ubn.ru.nl//bitstream/handle/2066/40148/40148_oralmu.pdf?sequence=1. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

59. Diaz-Arnold A. The impact of saliva on patient care: a literature review. J Prosthet Dent. 2002;88(3):337-343.

60. Radke LM. Pre-radiation therapy dental evaluation. Greater Milwaukee Dent Assoc J. 1996;63(4):104-109.

61. Baharudin A, Khairuddin A, Nizam A, Samsuddin AR. Evaluation of irradiated salivary gland function in patients with head and neck tumours treated with radiotherapy. J Laryngol Otol. 2009;123(1):108-113.

62. Barker BF, Barker GJ. Oral management of the patient with cancer in the head and neck region. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2001;29(8): 619-623.

63. Nutting CM, Morden JP, Harrington KJ, et al. Parotid-sparing intensity modulated versus conventional radiotherapy in head and neck cancer (PARSPORT): a phase 3 multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(2):127-136.

64. Eisbruch A. Reducing radiation-induced xerostomia with highly conformal radiotherapy techniques. J Support Oncol. 2005;3(3):201-202.

65. National Cancer Institute. Oral Complications of Chemotherapy and Head/Neck Radiation. Available at https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/mouth-throat/oral-complications-hp-pdq#section/all. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

66. The Oral Cancer Foundation. Osteoradionecrosis. Available at https://oralcancerfoundation.org/complications/osteoradionecrosis. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

67. Blanchaert RH Jr. Osteoradionecrosis of the Mandible. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/851539-overview#a4. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

68. Marx RE, Johnson RP. Studies in the radiobiology of osteoradionecrosis and their clinical significance. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1987;64(4):379-390.

69. David LA, Sandor GKB, Evans AW, Brown DH. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and mandibular osteoradionecrosis: a retrospective study and analysis of treatment outcomes. J Can Dent Assoc. 2001;67(7):384.

70. Sultan A, Hanna GJ, Margalit DN, et al. The use of hyperbaric oxygen for the prevention and management of osteoradionecrosis of the jaw: a Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center multidisciplinary guideline. Oncologist. 2017;22(3):343-350.

71. Rankin KV, Jones DL (eds). Oral Health in Cancer Therapy: A Guide for Health Care Professionals. Austin, TX: DOEP, Texas Cancer Council; 1999.

72. National Cancer Institute. Oral Complications of Chemotherapy and Head/Neck Radiation: Infection. Available at https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/mouth-throat/oral-complications-hp-pdq#section/all. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

73. Pereira Pinto L, Batista de Souza L, Gordon-Nunez MA, et al. Prevention of oral lesions in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Int J Pedatr Otor. 2006;70(11):1847-1851.

74. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. Oral Complications of Cancer Treatment: What the Dental Team Can Do. Available at https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/sites/default/files/2017-09/oral-complications-cancer-dental-team.pdf. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

75. Johns Hopkins Hospital. The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center. Head and Neck Cancer Dental Health. Available at https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/kimmel_cancer_center/cancers_we_treat/head_neck/cancers/dental_health.html. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

76. Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, Xu J, Arias E. Deaths: final data for 2017. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2019;68(9):1-77.

77. Mealey BL, Semba SE, Hallmon WW. Dentistry and the cancer patient: part 1. Oral manifestations and complications of chemotherapy. Compendium. 1994;15(10):1252-1262.

78. Barker BF, Barker GJ. Oral complications and management of cancer chemotherapy. Northwest Dentistry. 1990;69(6):23-26.

79. Peterson DE, D'Ambrosio JA. Diagnosis and management of acute and chronic oral complications of nonsurgical cancer therapies. Dent Clin North Am. 1992;36(4):945-966.

80. Lalla RV, Latortue MC, Hong CH, et al. A systematic review of oral fungal infections in patients receiving cancer therapy. Support Care Cancer. 2010;18(8):985-992.

81. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Prevention and Treatment of Cancer-Related Infections. Available at https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/infections.pdf. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

82. Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes D, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(4):e1-e50.

83. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. News Release. FDA Approves New Antifungal Drug Cresemba [Archive]. Available at https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20171102201709/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm437106.htm. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

84. American Cancer Society. Infections in People with Cancer. Available at https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/physical-side-effects/infections/infections-in-people-with-cancer.html. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

85. Dworkin RH, Johnson RW, Breuer J, et al. Recommendations for the management of herpes zoster. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(Suppl 1):S1-S26.

86. Janniger CK. Herpes Zoster Guidelines: Therapy and Prophylaxis Guidelines. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1132465-guidelines#g2. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

87. Fashner J, Bell AL. Herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia: prevention and management. Am Fam Physician. 2011;83(12):1432-1437.

88. Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(2):147-159.

89. Moore A, McQuay H, Derry S, Moore M. Bisphosphonates and jaw osteonecrosis. Bandolier. 2006;7:149-153.

90. American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Position Paper: Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw—2014 Update. Available at https://www.aaoms.org/docs/govt_affairs/advocacy_white_papers/mronj_position_paper.pdf. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

91. Goodell GG. Guidelines for Medication-Related Osteonecrosis Jaw: An Update. Available at https://www.aae.org/specialty/2020/02/03/guidelines-for-medication-related-osteonecrosis-jaw-an-update/. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

92. Filleul O, Crompot E, Saussez S. Bisphosphonate-inducted osteonecrosis of the jaw: a review of 2,400 patient cases. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2010;136(8):1117-1124.

93. Mozzati M, Arata V, Gallesio G, Carossa S. Tooth extraction and oral bisphosphonates: comparison of different surgical protocols. Joint Bone Spine. 2011;78(6):647-648.

94. Kim JW, Baik J, Jeon JH. Dental implant treatment after healing of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw in the same region: a case report. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2016;42(3):157-161.

95. Kang SH, Park SJ, Kim MK. The effect of bisphosphonate discontinuation on the incidence of postoperative medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw after tooth extraction. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020;46(1):78-83.

96. Riley P, Glenny AM, Worthington HV, et al. Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: oral cryotherapy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(12):CD0011552.

97. Sands S, Ladas EJ, Kelly KM, et al. Glutamine for the treatment of vincristine-induced neuropathy in children and adolescents with cancer. Support Care Cancer. 2017;25(3):701-708.

98. Perry MC. The Chemotherapy Source Book. 5th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012.

99. National Cancer Institute. Oral Complications of Chemotherapy and Head/Neck Radiation: Oral and Dental Management Before Cancer Therapy. Available at https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects/mouth-throat/oral-complications-hp-pdq#section/_28. Last accessed October 22, 2020.

100. Migliorati C, Siegel M, Elting L. Bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis: a long-term complication of bisphosphonate treatment. Lancet Oncol. 2006;7(6):508-514.

Evidence-Based Practice Recommendations Citations

1. National Collaborating Centre for Cancer. Suspected Cancer: Recognition and Referral. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2020. Available at https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng12. Last accessed February 1, 2023.

2. Lingen MW, Abt E, Agrawal N, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the evaluation of potentially malignant disorders in the oral cavity: a report of the American Dental Association. J Am Dent Assoc. 2017;148(10):712-727. Available at https://jada.ada.org/article/S0002-8177(17)30701-8/fulltext. Last accessed February 1, 2023.

3. Riley P, Glenny A-M, Worthington HV, Littlewood A, Clarkson JE, McCabe MG. Interventions for preventing oral mucositis in patients with cancer receiving treatment: oral cryotherapy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(12):CD011552. Available at https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD011552.pub2/full. Last accessed February 1, 2023.


Copyright © 2020 NetCE, PO Box 997571, Sacramento, CA 95899-7571
Mention of commercial products does not indicate endorsement.