Works Cited

1. Poutanen SM, Simor AE. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults. CMAJ. 2004;171(1):51-58.

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic/Antimicrobial Resistance. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/index.html. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

3. Kaye KS, Fraimow HS, Abrutyn E. Pathogens resistant to antimicrobial agents: epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, and clinical management. Infect Dis Clinics North Am. 2000;14(2):293-319.

4. Reygaert WC. An overview of the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of bacteria. AIMS Microbiol. 2018;4(3):482-501.

5. Babakhani S, Oloomi M. Transposons: the agents of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. J Basic Microbiol. 2018;58(11):905-917.

6. Lexicomp Online. Available at https://online.lexi.com. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

7. Crotty MP, Krekel T, Burnham C-AD, Ritchie DJ. New Gram-positive agents: the next generation of oxazolidinones and lipoglycopeptides. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54:2225-2232.

8. Raymond DP, Kuehnert MJ, Sawyer RG. CDC/SIS position paper: preventing antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections in surgical patients. Surg Inf. 2002;3(4):375-385.

9. Federal Task Force on Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, 2020–2025. Available at https://aspe.hhs.gov/system/files/pdf/264126/CARB-National-Action-Plan-2020-2025.pdf. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

10. Hwa-Froelich DA, Westby CE. Considerations when working with interpreters. Commun Disord Q. 2003;4(2):78-85.

11. Allchin D. Penicillin and Chance. Available at http://shipseducation.net/sacredbovines/SB-Penicillin-chance.htm. Last accessed January 8.8, 2024.

12. Tomasz A. The mechanism of the irreversible antimicrobial effects of penicillins: how the beta-lactam antibiotics kill and lyse bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1979;33:113.

13. Livermore DM. Beta-lactamases in laboratory and clinical resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1995;8(4):557-584.

14. Georgopapadakou NH. Penicillin-binding proteins and bacterial resistance to beta-lactams. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993;37(10):2045-2053.

15. Nathwani D, Wood MJ. Penicillins: a current review of their clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use. Drugs. 1993;45(6):866-894.

16. 16. Mosby's Dental Drug Reference. 13th edition. St. Louis, MO; Mosby, Inc; 2021.

17. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Drugs@FDA: FDA-Approved Drugs. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

18. Bush LM, Johnson CC. Ureidopenicillins and beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2000;14(2):409-433.

19. Richards ML, Prince RA, Kenaley KA, et al. Antimicrobial penetration into cerebrospinal fluid. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1981;15(5):341-368.

20. Tan JS, File TM Jr. Antipseudomonal penicillins. Med Clin North Am. 1995;79(4):679-693.

21. Watson ID, Boulton-Jones M, Stewart MJ, Henderson I, Payton CD. Pharmacokinetics of clavulanic acid-potentiated ticarcillin in renal failure. Ther Drug Monit. 1987;9(2):139-147.

22. Neugut AI, Ghatak AT, Miller RL. Anaphylaxis in the United States: an investigation into its epidemiology. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(1):15-21.

23. Herbert ME, Brewster GS, Lanctot-Herbert M. Ten percent of patients who are allergic to penicillin will have serious reactions if exposed to cephalosporins. West J Med. 2000;172(5):341.

24. Bhattacharya S. The facts about penicillin allergy: a review. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2010;1(1):11-17.

25. American College of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology. Penicillin Allergy: Facts for Patients. Available at http://college.acaai.org/sites/default/files/Patient%20factsheet.%20Penicillin%20allergy.%20Facts%20for%20patients.pdf. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

26. Lin RY. A perspective on penicillin allergy. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152(5):930-937.

27. Babiak LM, Rybak MJ. Hematological effects associated with beta-lactam use. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1986;20(11):833-836.

28. Lacey CS. Interaction of dicloxacillin with warfarin. Ann Pharmacother. 2004;38(5):898.

29. Campbell BA, Cox SM. The penicillins. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 1992;19(3):435-447.

30. Nau H. Clinical pharmacokinetics in pregnancy and perinatology. II. Penicillins. Dev Pharmacol Ther. 1987;10(3):174-198.

31. Kees F, Grobecker H. Systematics of beta-lactams: chemical properties and structure activity relationship of oral cephalosporins. Antibiot Chemother. 1995;47:1-7.

32. Fontana R, Cornaglia G, Ligozzi M, Mazzariol A. The final goal: penicillin-binding proteins and the target of cephalosporins. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2000;6(Suppl 3):34-40.

33. Wise R. The pharmacokinetics of the oral cephalosporins—a review. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1990;26(Suppl E):13-20.

34. Koch AL. Penicillin binding proteins, beta-lactams, and lactamases: offensives, attacks, and defensive countermeasures. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2000;26(4):205-220.

35. Hopkins JM, Towner KJ. Enhanced resistance to cefotaxime and imipenem associated with outer membrane protein alterations in Enterobacter aerogenes. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1990;25(1):49-55.

36. Gootz TD. Global dissemination of beta-lactamases mediating resistance to cephalosporins and carbapenems. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2004;2(2):317-327.

37. Neu HC. Pathophysiologic basis for the use of third-generation cephalosporins. Am J Med. 1990;88(Suppl 4A):3S-11S.

38. Saravolatz LD, Stein GE, Johnson LB. Ceftaroline: a novel cephalosporin with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(9):1156-1163.

39. File TM Jr, Wilkoz MH, Stein GE. Summary of ceftaroline fosamil clinical trial studies and clinical safety. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(Suppl 3):S173-S180.

40. Low DE, File TM Jr, Eckburg PB, et al. FOCUS 2: a randomized, double-blinded, multicentre, phase III trial of the efficacy and safety of ceftaroline fosamil versus ceftriaxone in community-acquired pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(Suppl 3):iii33-iii44.

41. Falco V, Burgos J, Almirante B. Ceftobiprole medocaril for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2018;19(13):1503-1509.

42. Giacobbe DR, De Rosa FG, Del Bono V, et al. Ceftobiprole: drug evaluation and place in therapy. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2019;17(9):689-698.

43. Horn KS, Danziger LH, Rodvold KA, Glowacki RC. Pharmacokinetic drug evaluation of ceftobiprole for the treatment of MRSA. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2017;13(4):463-472.

44. Mazzei T, Dentico P. The pharmacokinetics of oral cephalosporins. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2000;6(Suppl 3):53-54.

45. Borin MT. A review of the pharmacokinetics of cefpodoxime proxetil. Drugs. 1991;42(Suppl 3):13-21.

46. Cherubin CE, Eng RH, Norrby R, et al. Penetration of newer cephalosporins into cerebrospinal fluid. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;11(4):526-548.

47. Balant LP, Dayer P, Fabre J. Consequences of renal insufficiency on the hepatic clearance of some drugs. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res. 1983;3(6):459-474.

48. Norrby SR. Side effects of cephalosporins. Drugs. 1987;34(Suppl 2):105-120.

49. Tune BM. Renal tubular transport and nephrotoxicity of beta lactam antibiotics: structure-activity relationships. Miner Electrolyte Metab. 1994;20(4):221-231.

50. Famularo G, Polchi S, De Simone C. Acute cholecystitis and pancreatitis in a patient with biliary sludge associated with the use of ceftriazone: a rare but potentially severe complication. Ann Ital Med Int. 1999;14(3):202-204.

51. Brandt CT, Melo MCSC, de Morais Soares MNL, Cruz DB. Biliary lithiasis associated with the use of ceftriaxone for gastroenteritis in children: case report and literative review. Clin Surg. 2017;2:1455.

52. Alanis A, Weinstein AJ. Adverse reactions associated with the use of oral penicillins and cephalosporins. Med Clin North Am. 1983;67(1):113-129.

53. Seltsam A, Salama A. Ceftriaxone-induced immune haemolysis: two case reports and a concise review of the literature. Intensive Care Med. 2000;26(9):1390-1394.

54. Bechtold H, Andrassy K, Jahnchen E, et al. Evidence for impaired hepatic vitamin K1 metabolism in patients treated with N-methyl-thiotetrazole cephalosporins. Thromb Haemost. 1984;51:358-361.

55. McCue JD, Gal P, Pearson RC. Interference of new penicillins and cephalosporins with urine glucose monitoring tests. Diabetes Care. 1983;6(5):504-505.

56. Fulton B, Moore LL. Antiinfectives in breastmilk. Part I: penicillins and cephalosporins. J Hum Lact. 1992;8(3):157-158.

57. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs. Transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics. 2001;108(3):776-789.

58. Kahan JS, Kahan FM, Goegleman R, et al. Thienamycin, a new beta-lactam antibiotic. I: discovery, taxonomy, isolation and physical properties. J Antibiot. 1979;32(1):1-12.

59. Rybak MJ. Resistance to antimicrobial agents: an update. Pharmacotherapy. 2004;24(12 Pt 2):203S-215S.

60. Jones RN. Review of the in vitro spectrum of activity of imipenem. Am J Med. 1985;78(6A):22-32.

61. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves New Antibacterial Drug. Available at https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-antibacterial-drug. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

62. Smith JR, Rybak JM, Claeys KC. Imipenem-cilastatin-relebactam: a novel beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combination for the treatment of multidrug-resistant gram-negative infections. Pharmacotherapy. 2020;40(4):343-356.

63. Drusano GL, Standiford HC. Pharmacokinetic profile of imipenem/cilastatin in normal volunteers. Am J Med. 1985;78(6A):47-53.

64. Andes DR, Craig WA. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antibiotics in meningitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1999;13(3):595-618.

65. Leroy A, Fillastre JP, Borsa-Lebas F, et al. Pharmacokinetics of meropenem (ICI 194,660) and its metabolite (ICI 213,689) in healthy subjects and in patients with renal impairment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1992;36(12):2794-2798.

66. Seto AH, Song JC, Guest SS. Ertapenem-associated seizures in a peritoneal dialysis patient. Ann Pharmacother. 2005;39(2):352-356.

67. Nacarkucuk E, Saglam H, Okan M. Meropenem decreases serum level of valproic acid. Pediatr Neurol. 2004;31(3):232-234.

68. Merrem IV [package insert]. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2008/050706s022lbl.pdf. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

69. Primaxin IM [package insert]. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2007/050630s027lbl.pdf. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

70. Medscape. Drugs and Diseases: Imipenem/Cilastatin/Relebactam: Pregnancy and Lactation. Available at https://reference.medscape.com/drug/recarbrio-imipenem-cilastatin-relebactam-1000331#6. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

71. Odio CM, Puig JR, Feris JM, et al. Prospective, randomized, investigator-blinded study of the efficacy and safety of meropenem vs. cefotaxime in bacterial meningitis in children. Meropenem Meningitis Study Group. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999;18(7):581-590.

72. Ennis DM, Cobbs CG. The newer cephalosporins: aztreonam and imipenem. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1995(3):687-713.

73. Duma RJ, Berry AJ, Smith SM, et al. Penetration of aztreonam into cerebrospinal fluid of patients with and without inflamed meninges. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1984;26(5):730-733.

74. Sattler FR, Schramm M, Swabb EA. Safety of aztreonam and SQ 26992 in elderly patients with renal insufficiency. Rev Infect Dis. 1985;7(Suppl 4):S622-S627.

75. Fillastre JP, Leroy A, Baudoin C, et al. Pharmacokinetics of aztreonam in patients with chronic renal failure. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1985;10(1):91-100.

76. Alvan G, Nord CE. Adverse effects of monobactams and carbapenems. Drug Saf. 1995;12(5);305-313.

77. Perez Pimiento A, Gomez Martinez M, Minguez Mena A, Trampal Gonzalez A, De Paz Arranz S, Rodriguez Mosquera M. Aztreonam and ceftazidime: evidence of in vivo cross-allergenicity. Allergy. 1998;53(6):624-625.

78. Azactam [package insert]. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/050580s042lbl.pdf. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

79. Bosso JA, Black PG. Controlled trial of aztreonam vs. tobramycin and azlocillin for acute pulmonary exacerbations of cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1988;7(3):171-176.

80. Moellering RC Jr. In vitro antibacterial activity of the aminoglycoside antibiotics. Rev Infect Dis. 1983;5(Suppl):S212-S232.

81. Kotra LP, Haddad J, Mobashery S. Aminoglycosides: perspectives on mechanisms of action and resistance and strategies to counter resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000;44(12):3249-3256.

82. Gordon S, Swenson JM, Hill BC, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of common and unusual species of enterococci causing infections in the United States. Enterococcal Study Group. J Clin Microbiol. 1992;30(9):2373-2378.

83. Turnidge J. Pharmacodynamics and dosing of aminoglycosides. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2003;17(3):503-528.

84. Lopez-Novoa JM, Quiros Y, Vicente L, Morales AI, Lopez-Hernandez FJ. New insights into the mechanism of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity: an integrative point of view. Kidney Int. 2011;79(1):33-45.

85. Hughes PJ. Pathophysiologic Mechanisms of Selected Types of Nephrotoxicity. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1925868-overview. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

86. Plajer SM, Chin PK, Vella-Brincat JW, Buffery PJ, Begg EJ. Gentamicin and renal function: lessons from 15 years' experience of a pharmacokinetic service for extended interval dosing of gentamicin. Ther Drug Monit. 2015;37(1):98-103.

87. Guan MX. Mitochondrial 12S rRNA mutations associated with aminoglycoside ototoxicity. Mitochondrion. 2011;11(2):237-245.

88. Rezaei NJ, Bazzazi AM, Alavi SAN. Neurotoxicity of the antibiotics: a comprehensive study. Neurol India. 2018;66(6):1732-1740.

89. Drobnic ME, Sune P, Montoro JB, Ferrer A, Orriols R. Inhaled tobramycin in non-cystic fibrosis patients with bronchiectasis and chronic bronchial infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ann Pharmacother. 2005;39(1):39-44.

90. Streptomycin Sulfate [package insert]. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/064210s009lbl.pdf. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

91. Alkadi HO, Nooman MA, Raja'a YA. Effect of gentamicin on serum digoxin level in patients with congestive heart failure. Pharm World Sci. 2004;26(2):107-109.

92. Ramsey BW, Dorkin HL, Eisenberg JD, et al. Efficacy of aerosolized tobramycin in patients with cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 1993;328(24):1740-1746.

93. Whirl-Carrillo M, McDonagh EM, Hebert JM, et al. Pharmacogenomics knowledge for personalized medicine. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;92(4):414-417.

94. Sothiselvam S, Liu B, Han W, et al. Macrolide antibiotics allosterically predispose the ribosome for translation arrest. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(27):9804-9809.

95. Vazquez-Laslop N, Mankin AS. Context-specific action of ribosomal antibiotics. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2018;72:185-207.

96. Kannan K, Kanabar P, Schryer D, et al. The general mode of translation inhibition by macrolide antibiotics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(45):15958-15963.

97. Starosta AL, Karpenko VV, Shishkina AV, et al. Interplay between the ribosomal tunnel, nascent chain, and macrolides influences drug inhibition. Chem Biol. 2010;17(5):504-514.

98. Fyfe C, Grossman TH, Kerstein K, Sutcliffe J. Resistance to macrolide antibiotics in public health pathogens. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2016;6(10):a025395.

99. Sun H, Maglio D, Nicolau D. Macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: mechanisms, patterns, and clinical implications of resistance. Conn Med. 2004;68(9):571-576.

100. Schroeder MR, Stephens DS. Macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2016;6:1-98.

101. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic/Antimicrobial Resistance: How Antibiotic Resistance Happens. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/about/how-resistance-happens.html. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

102. Matsuoka M, Sasaki T. Inactivation of macrolides by producers and pathogens. Curr Drug Targets Infect Disord. 2004;4(3):217-240.

103. RxList. ERYC. Available at https://www.rxlist.com/eryc-drug.htm#description. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

104. Merck Manual Professional Version. Macrolides. Available at https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/bacteria-and-antibacterial-drugs/macrolides. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

105. Guay DR, Patterson DR, Seipman N, Craft JC. Overview of the tolerability profile of clarithromycin in preclinical and clinical trials. Drug Saf. 1993;8(5):350-364.

106. Kahri AJ, Valkonen MM, Vuoristo MK, Pentikainen PJ. Rhabdomyolysis associated with concomitant use of simvastatin and clarithromycin. Ann Pharmacother. 2004;38(4):719.

107. Desta Z, Soukhova N, Flockhart DA. In vitro inhibition of pimozide N-dealkylation by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and azithromycin. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;22(2):162-168.

108. Watkins VS, Polk RE, Stotka JL. Drug interactions of macrolides: emphasis on dirithromycin. Ann Pharmacother. 1997;31(3):349-356.

109. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021: Chlamydial Infections. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/chlamydia.htm. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

110. Drinkard CR, Shatin D, Clouse J. Postmarketing surveillance of medications and pregnancy outcomes: clarithromycin and birth malformations. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2000;9(7):549-556.

111. Andersen JT, Petersen M, Jimenez-Solem E, et al. Clarithromycin in early pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage and malformation: a register based nationwide cohort study. PLoS One. 2013;8(1):e53327.

112. Anderson PO, Sauberan JB. Modeling drug passage into human milk. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2016;100(1):42-52.

113. Murchison L, De Coppi P, Eaton S. Post-natal erythromycin exposure and risk of infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatr Surg Int. 2016;32(12):1147-1152.

114. Andersson MI, MacGowan AP. Development of the quinolones. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003;51(Suppl 1):1-11.

115. Drlica K, Zhao X. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and the 4-quinolones. Microbiol Mol. Biol R. 1997;61(3):377-392.

116. Alred KJ, Kerns RJ, Osheroff N. Mechanism of quinolone action and resistance. Biochemistry. 2014;53(10):1565-1574.

117. Waller DG, Sampson AP. Chemotherapy of infections. In: Medical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 5th ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2018.

118. Jacoby GA, Strahilevitz J, Hooper DC. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance. Microbiol Spectr. 2014;2(5):10.

119. Merck Manual. Professional Version. Fluoroquinolones. Available at https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/bacteria-and-antibacterial-drugs/fluoroquinolones. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

120. Moise PA, Birmingham MC, Schentag JJ. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of moxifloxacin. Drugs Today. 2000;36(4):229-244.

121. Cohen JS. Peripheral neuropathy associated with fluoroquinolones. Ann Pharmacother. 2001;35(12):1540-1547.

122. Zabraniecki L, Negrier I, Vergne P, et al. Fluoroquinolone induced tendinopathy: report of 6 cases. J Rheumatol. 1996;23(3): 516-520.

123. Oh YR, Carr-Lopez SM, Probasco JM, Crawley PG. Levofloxacin-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Ann Pharmacother. 2003;37(7-8):1010-1013.

124. Coleman CI, Spencer JV, Chung JO, Reddy P. Possible gatifloxacin-induced fulminant hepatic failure. Ann Pharmacother. 2002;36(7-8):1162-1167.

125. Lin G, Hays DP, Spillane L. Refractory hypoglycemia from ciprofloxacin and glyburide interaction. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2004;42(3):295-297.

126. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA Requires Label Changes to Warn of Risk for Possibly Permanent Nerve Damage from Antibacterial Fluoroquinolone Drugs Taken by Mouth or by Injection. Available at https://www.fda.gov/media/86575/download. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

127. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Updates Warnings for Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics on Risks of Mental Health and Low Blood Sugar Adverse Reactions. Available at https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-updates-warnings-fluoroquinolone-antibiotics-risks-mental-health-and-low-blood-sugar-adverse. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

128. Polk RE, Healy DP, Sahai J, Drwal L, Racht E. Effect of ferrous sulfate and multivitamins with zinc on absorption of ciprofloxacin in normal volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1989;33(11):1841-1844.

129. Hori S, Kizu J, Kawamura M. Effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on convulsant activity of quinolones: a comparative study of drug interaction between quinolones and anti-inflammatory drugs. J Infect Chemother. 2003;9(4):314-320.

130. Woods DD. Relation of p-aminobenzoic acid to mechanism of action of sulphanilamide. Br J Exp Pathol. 1940;21:74-90.

131. Merck Manual Professional Version. Sulfonamides. Available at https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/bacteria-and-antibacterial-drugs/sulfonamides. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

132. Radstrom P, Fermer C, Kristiansen BE, Jenkins A, Skold O, Swedberg G. Transformational exchanges in the dihydropteroate synthetase gene of Neisseria meningitidis: a novel mechanism for acquisition of sulfonamide resistance. J Bacteriol. 1992;174(20):6386-6393.

133. National Institutes of Health. How Sulfa Drugs Work. Available at https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/how-sulfa-drugs-work. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

134. Then RL. Mechanisms of resistance to trimethoprim, the sulfonamides and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Rev Infect Dis. 1982;4(2):261-269.

135. Bushby SRM. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: in vitro microbiologic aspects. J Infect Dis. 1973;128(Suppl):442-462.

136. Houvinen P. Trimethoprim resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1987;31(10):1451-1456.

137. Foltzer MA, Reese RE. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and other sulfonamides. Med Clin North Am. 1987;71(6):1177-1194.

138. Craven GR, Gavin R, Fanning T. The transfer RNA binding site of the 30 S ribosome and the site of tetracycline inhibition. Cold Spring Symp Quant Biol. 1969;34:129-137.

139. Schnappinger D, Hillen W. Tetracyclines: antibiotic action, uptake, and resistance mechanisms. Arch Microbiol. 1996;165(6): 359-369.

140. Speer BS, Shoemaker NB, Salyers AA. Bacterial resistance to tetracycline: mechanisms, transfer, and clinical significance. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1992;5(4):387-399.

141. Forrest JN, Cox M, Hong C, Morrison G, Bia M, Singer I. Superiority of demeclocycline over lithium in the treatment of chronic syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. N Engl J Med. 1978;298(4):173-177.

142. Spasovski G, Vanholder R, Allolio B, et al. Hyponatraemia guideline development group: clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;170(3):G1-G47.

143. Karlsson M, Hammers S, Nilsson-Ehle I, Malmborg AS, Wretlind B. Concentrations of doxycycline and penicillin G in sera and cerebrospinal fluid of patients treated for neuroborreliosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1996;40(5):1104-1107.

144. Yim CW, Flynn NM, Fitzgerald FT. Penetration of oral doxycycline into the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with latent or neurosyphilis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1985;28(2):347-348.

145. Forti G, Benincori C. Doxycycline and the teeth. Lancet. 1969;1(7598):782.

146. Houin G, Brunner F, Nebout T, Chereaoui M, Lagrue G, Tillement JP. The effects of chronic renal insufficiency on the pharmacokinetics of doxycycline in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1983;16(3):245-252.

147. Gugler R, Allgayer H. Effects of antacids on the clinical pharmacokinetics of drugs: an update. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1990;18(3): 210-219.

148. Bacon JF, Shenfield GM. Pregnancy attributable to interaction between tetracycline and oral contraceptives. Br Med J. 1980;280(6210):293.

149. Dickinson BD, Altman RD, Nielsen NH, Sterling ML, Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association. Drug interactions between oral contraceptives and antibiotics. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;98(5 Pt 1):853-860.

150. Danos EA. Apparent potentiation of warfarin activity by tetracycline. Clin Pharm. 1992;11(9):806-808.

151. Rodin SM, Johnson BF. Pharmacokinetic interactions with digoxin. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1988;15(4):227-244.

152. Frost HM. Tetracyclines and fetal bones. Henry Ford Hosp Med J. 1965;13(4):403-410.

153. Allen ES, Brown WE. Hepatic toxicity of tetracycline in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1966;95(1):12-18.

154. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: Treatment. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/rmsf/healthcare-providers/treatment.html. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

155. Todd SR, Dahlgren FS, Traeger MS, et al. No visible dental staining in children treated with doxycycline for suspected Rocky Mountain spotted fever. J Pediatr. 2015;166(5):1246-1251.

156. Reynolds PE. Structure, biochemistry and mechanism of action of glycopeptide antibiotics. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1989;8(11):943-950.

157. Rubinstein E, Keynan Y. Vancomycin revisited – 60 years later. Front Public Health. 2014;2:217.

158. Rybak MJ, Le J, Lodise TP, et al. Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin for serious methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: a revised consensus guideline and review by the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, the Infectious Disease Society of America, the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and the Society of Infectious Disease Pharmacists. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2020;77(11):835-864.

159. Mergenhagen KA, Borton AR. Vancomycin nephrotoxicity: a review. J Pharm Pract. 2014;27(6):545-553.

160. U. S. Food and Drug Administration. Intraocular Injections of a Compounded Triamcinolone, Moxifloxacin, and Vancomycin (TMV) Formulation: FDA Statement - Case of Hemorrhagic Occlusive Retinal Vasculitis. Available at https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20180425032637/https://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm578743.htm. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

161. Guskey MT, Tsuji BT. A comparative review of the lipoglycopeptides: oritavancin, dalbavancin, and telavancin. Pharmacotherapy. 2010;30:80-94.

162. Zhanel GG, Calic D, Schweizer F, et al. New lipoglycopeptides: a comparative review of dalbavancin, oritavancin and telavancin. Drugs. 2010;70(7):859-886.

163. Merck Manual Professional Version. Lipoglycopeptides. Available at https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/bacteria-and-antibacterial-drugs/lipoglycopeptides?query=lipoglycopeptides. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

164. Boucher HW, Wilcox M, Talbot GH, Puttagunta S, Das AF, Dunne MW. Once-weekly dalbavancin versus daily conventional therapy for skin infection. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(23):2169-2179.

165. Bradley JS, Puttagunta S, Rubino CM, Blumer JL, Dunne M, Sullivan JE. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of single dose dalbavancin in children 12 through 17 years of age. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015;34(7):748-752.

166. Novak R, Shlaes DM. The pleuromutilin antibiotics: a new class for human use. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2010;11(2):182-191.

167. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves New Antibiotic to Treat Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia. Available at https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-antibiotic-treat-community-acquired-bacterial-pneumonia. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

168. Parmar A, Iyer A, Vincent CS, et al. Efficient total syntheses and biological activities of two teixobactin analogues. Chem Commun. 2016;52:6060-6063.

169. Ling LL, Schneider T, Peoples AJ, et al. A new antibiotic kills pathogens without detectable resistance. Nature. 2015;517:455-459.

170. Maffioli SI, Zhang Y, Degen D, et al. Antibacterial nucleoside-analog inhibitor of bacterial RNA polymerase. Cell. 2017;169(7):1240-1248.

171. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Researchers Discover New Antibiotic Effective Against Drug-Resistant Bacteria. Available at https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2017-06/ru-rdn060817.php. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

172. Lee RA, Centor RM, Humphrey LL, et al. Appropriate use of short-course antibiotics in common infections: best practice advice from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174(6):822-827.

173. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation (ASPE) National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Progress Report: Year 5. Available at https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/documents/d5d01eb69710588247eb2aef3a46c118/HHS_ASPE_CARB_Report_Year5.pdf. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

174. Ehrmann S, Barbier F, Demiselle J, et al. Inhaled amikacin to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2023; 389:2052-2062.

175. Ioannou P, Baliou S, Kofridis DP. Antimicrobial peptides in infectious diseases and beyond: a narrative review. Life (Basel). 2023;13:1651.

176. Jones TW, Jun AH, Michal JL, et al. High-Dose daptomycin and clinical applications. Ann Pharmacother. 2021;55:1363-1378.

177. Merck Manual. Professional Version: Daptomycin. Available at https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/bacteria-and-antibacterial-drugs/daptomycin#v1003184. Last accessed January 8, 2024.

178. Pham TT, Garreau R, Craighero F, et al. Seventeen cases of daptomycin-induced eosinophilic pneumonia in a cohort of patients treated for bone and joint infections: proposal for a new algorithm. Open Forum Infectious Diseases. 2022;9(11).

179. Blaskovich MAT, Hansford KA, Butler MS, et al. Development of glycopeptide antibiotics. ACS Infect Dis. 2018;4(5):715-735.

Evidence-Based Practice Recommendations Citations

1. Johnson S, Lavergne V, Skinner AM, et al. Clinical practice guideline by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA): 2021 focused update guidelines on management of Clostridioides difficile infection in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73(5):e1029-e1044. Available at https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/73/5/e1029/6298219. Last accessed January 11, 2024.

2. Davey P, Marwick CA, Scott CL, et al. Improving how physicians working in hospital settings prescribe antibiotics. Cochrane Database System Rev. 2017;(4):CD003543. Available at https://www.cochrane.org/CD003543/EPOC_improving-how-physicians-working-hospital-settings-prescribe-antibiotics. Last accessed January 11, 2024.

3. Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(3):e18-e55. Available at https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/52/3/e18/306145. Last accessed January 11, 2024.


Copyright © 2024 NetCE, PO Box 997571, Sacramento, CA 95899-7571
Mention of commercial products does not indicate endorsement.