|
| A) | 25% | ||
| B) | 45% | ||
| C) | 85% | ||
| D) | 95% |
| A) | Depression | ||
| B) | Insomnia | ||
| C) | Incontinence | ||
| D) | Increased libido |
| A) | On average, a person loses up to 10% of bone mass. | ||
| B) | Most people maintain bone mass density during this period. | ||
| C) | Bone mass initially increases by up to 5%, but later decreases to premenopausal levels. | ||
| D) | None of the above |
| A) | Natural hormones used in compounded products must be converted to the active form in a laboratory. | ||
| B) | Compounded bioidentical hormone replacement therapy is a "natural alternative" to traditional hormone replacement therapy. | ||
| C) | The term bioidentical simply indicates that the hormone has the same chemical and molecular structure as the endogenous hormone. | ||
| D) | Due to a lack of oversight, these compounded products carry a risk of under- or overdosing, lack of sterility, and the presence of impurities. |
| A) | 31 years | ||
| B) | 45 years | ||
| C) | 51 years | ||
| D) | 65 years |
| A) | Taking calcium with vitamin D can increase the risk of CVD. | ||
| B) | The risk of CVD is indirectly proportional to the dose of calcium. | ||
| C) | Calcium supplements may be associated with a small increased risk of CVD, although research is conflicting. | ||
| D) | The Women's Health Initiative study attributed the risk of CVD to hormone replacement therapy, not calcium supplements. |
| A) | The recommended daily intake of calcium and vitamin D can often be met through the diet. If the diet provides adequate amounts of these nutrients, supplements are not necessary. | ||
| B) | It is often helpful to take calcium supplements to ensure adequate intake of this nutrient in the diet. Consider taking calcium 500 mg three times daily; vitamin D supplements are not necessary. | ||
| C) | The recommended daily intake of calcium and vitamin D can often be met through the diet. In fact, vitamin D supplements may cause serious health issues when taken long-term and should be avoided. | ||
| D) | It is often helpful to take calcium and vitamin D supplements to ensure adequate intake of these nutrients. To reduce the number of pills needed, consider taking calcium 1,000 mg and vitamin D 20 mcg as a single dose daily. |
| A) | 32 mg | ||
| B) | 100 mg | ||
| C) | 320 mg | ||
| D) | 800 mg |
| A) | Adequate daily protein intake of about 1 gram/kg, or about 20–25 grams of protein per meal, may help combat age-related muscle loss. | ||
| B) | Consumption of about 500 mg (about five cups of coffee) daily can limit calcium losses and reduce the severity of vasomotor symptoms. | ||
| C) | Moderate alcohol intake (two drinks per day) has been found to reduce the frequency of vasomotor symptoms. | ||
| D) | Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) should be avoided in order to reduce the risk for calcium deficiency, which can impact bone health. |
| A) | the risk of serious injury outweighs any potential benefits. | ||
| B) | evidence supporting the use of acupoint modalities is unclear. | ||
| C) | acupuncture has been definitively shown to reduce hot flashes but not other menopause symptoms. | ||
| D) | moxibustion and acustimulation are the modalities with the greatest evidence supporting efficacy. |
| A) | Depression | ||
| B) | Hot flashes | ||
| C) | Sleep quality | ||
| D) | Vaginal dryness |
| A) | Acupuncture | ||
| B) | Mindfulness | ||
| C) | Moxibustion | ||
| D) | Yoga |
| A) | Chemicals found naturally in plants that, when purified, have similar potency to endogenous estrogen | ||
| B) | Plant hormones that are bioidentical to human estrogen and can be used as an alternative to hormone replacement therapy | ||
| C) | Plant constituents that, while not structurally related to estrogen, demonstrate weak activity at human estrogen receptors | ||
| D) | A class of plant chemicals, including isoflavones, lignans, and coumestans, that can increase the production of estrogen in humans |
| A) | Observational research suggests that the long-term use of soy can increase the risk of breast cancer, although it is unclear if it is associated with endometrial cancer. | ||
| B) | The available clinical and population research suggests that soy does not increase the risk of estrogen-related health issues. | ||
| C) | Most research indicates that soy has no clinically relevant activity at estrogen receptors and is not expected to cause long-term hormone-related health issues. | ||
| D) | Although population research has raised concerns that soy may increase the risk of endometrial cancer, clinical studies show that soy increases the risk of breast, not endometrial, cancer. |
| A) | tamoxifen. | ||
| B) | antidiabetes medications. | ||
| C) | antidepressant medications. | ||
| D) | antihypertensive medications. |
| A) | fatigue. | ||
| B) | insomnia. | ||
| C) | hot flashes. | ||
| D) | vaginal dryness. |
| A) | Black cohosh extracts bind to estrogen receptors or upregulate estrogen-dependent genes. | ||
| B) | At least one black cohosh product seems to be comparable to certain forms of hormone replacement therapy. | ||
| C) | Research on the use of black cohosh for vasomotor symptoms of menopause has primarily evaluated generic extracts. | ||
| D) | Clinically, black cohosh appears to affect levels of hormones such as estradiol, luteinizing hormone (LH), or follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). |
| A) | diarrhea. | ||
| B) | headache. | ||
| C) | skin irritation. | ||
| D) | All of the above |
| A) | insomnia. | ||
| B) | vaginal bleeding. | ||
| C) | cognitive dysfunction. | ||
| D) | prolongation of the QT interval. |
| A) | Black cohosh | ||
| B) | Equol | ||
| C) | Soy | ||
| D) | St. John's wort |