|
| A) | 10% | ||
| B) | 26% | ||
| C) | 31% | ||
| D) | 55% |
| A) | 5% | ||
| B) | 8% | ||
| C) | 11.5% | ||
| D) | 15% |
| A) | Atherosclerosis is initiated during middle-age. | ||
| B) | Atherosclerosis is a process that targets small sized arteries. | ||
| C) | Atherosclerosis is rapidly accelerated by genetic and environmental factors. | ||
| D) | All of the above |
| A) | plaque formation. | ||
| B) | plaque disruption. | ||
| C) | fatty streak formation. | ||
| D) | high-density lipoprotein. |
| A) | Age | ||
| B) | Lipoprotein(a) | ||
| C) | C-reactive protein | ||
| D) | Hyperhomocysteinemia |
| A) | low affinity for the LDL-receptor. | ||
| B) | decelerated smooth cell proliferation. | ||
| C) | enhanced capacity to traverse the arterial endothelium. | ||
| D) | inhibition of fibrinolysis by preventing the transformation of plasminogen to plasmin. |
| A) | 10% to 20% | ||
| B) | 20% to 30% | ||
| C) | 30% to 40% | ||
| D) | 40% to 50% |
| A) | Mouth | ||
| B) | Stomach | ||
| C) | Small intestine | ||
| D) | Large intestine |
| A) | Chylomicrons are only synthesized in the intestine. | ||
| B) | Chylomicrons are composed mainly of triglycerides. | ||
| C) | Chylomicrons are large lipoproteins very rich in lipids. | ||
| D) | Chylomicrons have the highest protein content of any lipoprotein. |
| A) | a deficiency of estrogens. | ||
| B) | a deficiency of thyroid hormones. | ||
| C) | genetic mutations of either the LDL receptor or Apo B-100. | ||
| D) | All of the above |
| A) | HDLs are the largest lipoproteins. | ||
| B) | The protein content of HDLs is 33%. | ||
| C) | HDL removes cholesterol from the periphery and transports it to the kidneys. | ||
| D) | The two most important subclasses of HDL express either Apo A-II alone or both Apo A-I and A-II. |
| A) | increase HDL levels. | ||
| B) | decrease LDL levels. | ||
| C) | increase triglyceride levels. | ||
| D) | All of the above |
| A) | obesity. | ||
| B) | lipemic plasma. | ||
| C) | eruptive xanthomas. | ||
| D) | severe hypertriglyceridemia. |
| A) | atherogenic dyslipidemia. | ||
| B) | familial hypertriglyceridemia. | ||
| C) | familial hypercholesterolemia. | ||
| D) | polygenic hypercholesterolemia (or nonfamilial hypercholesterolemia). |
| A) | statins. | ||
| B) | fibrates. | ||
| C) | thiazides. | ||
| D) | antioxidants. |
| A) | obesity. | ||
| B) | alcohol abuse. | ||
| C) | chronic renal failure. | ||
| D) | hormone replacement therapy. |
| A) | 10%. | ||
| B) | 25%. | ||
| C) | 40%. | ||
| D) | 50% or more. |
| A) | Low-fat dairy products | ||
| B) | Increased calories from trans fats | ||
| C) | Fruits, vegetables, and whole grains | ||
| D) | No more than 5% to 6% of calories from saturated fats |
| A) | Lipid lowering goals can usually be achieved on one's own. | ||
| B) | Lipid lowering through diet and exercise will not reduce the risk for ASCVD and mortality. | ||
| C) | Successful lipid control usually requires instruction by a dietitian or other knowledgeable healthcare professional. | ||
| D) | In patients with high cardiovascular risk and/or very high LDL, medication therapy should be initiated if lifestyle changes are not effective within a two- to three-month period. |
| A) | 25% | ||
| B) | 50% | ||
| C) | 75% | ||
| D) | 100% |
| A) | Statins | ||
| B) | Niacin | ||
| C) | Fish oil | ||
| D) | Fibrates |
| A) | Lovastatin | ||
| B) | Fluvastatin | ||
| C) | Pravastatin | ||
| D) | Simvastatin |
| A) | neuroprotection. | ||
| B) | modulation of endothelial function. | ||
| C) | an increase in vascular inflammation. | ||
| D) | immunomodulation by inhibition of major histocompatibility complex II expression. |
| A) | Age | ||
| B) | Cost | ||
| C) | Body mass | ||
| D) | LDL percentage reduction |
| A) | 8% to 10% | ||
| B) | 18% to 20% | ||
| C) | 20% to 30% | ||
| D) | 40% to 50% |
| A) | Vitamin B3 | ||
| B) | Vitamin D2 | ||
| C) | Vitamin E2 | ||
| D) | Vitamin B12 |
| A) | It has high cost. | ||
| B) | It is no longer recommended, except in specific clinical situations. | ||
| C) | Randomized controlled trials support is use as an add-on to statin therapy. | ||
| D) | It has been shown to reduce ASCVD outcomes beyond that achieved with statins. |
| A) | Walnuts | ||
| B) | Fatty fish | ||
| C) | Canola oil | ||
| D) | All of the above |
| A) | Omega-3 fatty acids | ||
| B) | Omega-6 fatty acids | ||
| C) | Omega-9 fatty acids | ||
| D) | None of the above |
| A) | 10%. | ||
| B) | 20%. | ||
| C) | 40%. | ||
| D) | 50% or greater. |