Works Cited

1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. OTC (Nonprescription) Drugs. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/how-drugs-are-developed-and-approved/otc-nonprescription-drugs. Last accessed August 31, 2022.

2. LexiComp Online. Available at https://online.lexi.com. Last accessed August 31, 2022.

3. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Using Acetaminophen and Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Safely. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/safe-use-over-counter-pain-relievers-and-fever-reducers/using-acetaminophen-and-nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-safely. Last accessed August 31, 2022.

4. Daily Med. Available at https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Last accessed August 31, 2022.

5. Cooper SA, Beaver WT. A model to evaluate mild analgesics in oral surgery outpatients. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1976;20(2):241-250.

6. Mehlisch DR. The efficacy of combination analgesic therapy in relieving dental pain. J Am Dent Assoc. 2002;133(7):861-871.

7. Cooper SA, Desjardins PJ. The value of the dental impaction pain model in drug development. Methods Mol Biol. 2010;617:175-190.

8. Sawynok J, Yaksh TL. Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant: a review of pharmacology and mechanisms of action. Pharmacol Rev. 1993;45(1):43-85.

9. Abou-Atme YS, Melis M, Zawawi KH. Efficacy and safety of acetaminophen and caffeine for the management of acute dental pain: a systematic review. Saudi Dental J. 2019; [Epub ahead of print].

10. Laska EM, Sunshine A, Zighelboim I, et al. Effect of caffeine on acetaminophen analgesia. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1983;33(4):498-509.

11. Zhang WY. A benefit-risk assessment of caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant. Drug Saf. 2001;24(15):1127-1142.

12. Forbes JA, Jones KF, Kehm CJ, et al. Evaluation of aspirin, caffeine, and their combination in postoperative oral surgery pain. Pharmacotherapy. 1990;10(6):387-393.

13. Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA. Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;3:CD009281.

14. Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA. Caffeine as an analgesic adjuvant for acute pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;12:CD009281.

15. Mehlisch DR, Sollecito WA, Helfrick JF, et al. Multicenter clinical trial of ibuprofen and acetaminophen in the treatment of postoperative dental pain. J Am Dent Assoc. 1990;121(2):257-263.

16. Weil K, Hooper L, Afzal Z, et al. Paracetamol for pain relief after surgical removal of lower wisdom teeth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;3:CD004487.

17. Skoglund JA, Skjelbred P, Fyllingen G. Analgesic efficacy of acetaminophen 1,000 mg, acetaminophen 2,000 mg, and the combination of acetaminophen 1,000 mg and codeine phosphate 60 mg versus placebo in acute postoperative pain. Pharmacotherapy. 1991;11(5):364-369.

18. Toms L, McQuay HJ, Derry S, Moore RA. Single dose oral paracetamol (acetaminophen) for postoperative pain in adults.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;4:CD004602.

19. Cooper SA, Precheur H, Rauch D, Rosenheck A, Ladov M, Engel J. Evaluation of oxycodone and acetaminophen in treatment of postoperative dental pain. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1980;50(6):496-501.

20. ClinicalTrials.gov. An Effectiveness and Safety Study of Acetaminophen 1,000 mg and Ibuprofen 400 mg in Postoperative Dental Pain. Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00240825. Last accessed August 31, 2022.

21. Altman RD. A rationale for combining acetaminophen and NSAIDs for mild-to-moderate pain. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2004;22(1):110-117.

22. Ong CK, Seymour RA, Lirk P, Merry AF. Combining paracetamol (acetaminophen) with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: a qualitative systematic review of analgesic efficacy for acute postoperative pain. Anesth Analg. 2010;110(4):1170-1179.

23. Dionne R. Additive analgesia without opioid side effects. Compendium Contin Educ Dent. 2000;21(7):572-574, 576-577.

24. Bailey E, Worthington HV, van Wijk A, Yates JM, Coulthard P, Afzal Z. Ibuprofen and/or paracetamol (acetaminophen) for pain relief after surgical removal of lower wisdom teeth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;12:CD004624.

25. NPS Medicinewise. Maxigesic. Available at https://www.nps.org.au/medicine-finder/maxigesic-tablets. Last accessed August 31, 2022.

26. Wynn RL, Meiller TF, Crossley HL. Drug Information Handbook for Dentistry. 25th ed. Hudson, OH: LexiComp, Inc.; 2019-2020.

27. Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA. Single dose oral ibuprofen plus paracetamol (acetaminophen) for acute postoperative pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;6:CD010210.

28. Ferraiolo DM, Veitz-Keenan A. Ibuprofen is superior to paracetamol for pain relief following third molar removal. Evid Based Dent. 2014;15(4):106-107.

29. Atkinson HC, Currie J, Moodie J, et al. Combination paracetamol and ibuprofen for pain relief after oral surgery: a dose ranging study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;71(5):579-587.

30. Farrell SE. Acetaminophen Toxicity. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/820200-overview. Last accessed August 31, 2022.

31. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Organ-specific warnings; internal analgesic, antipyretic, and antirheumatic drug products for over-the-counter human use: final monograph. Federal Register. 2010;74(81):19385-19409.

32. Zimmerman HJ, Maddrey WC. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) hepatotoxicity with regular intake of alcohol: analysis of instances of therapeutic misadventure. Hepatology. 1995;22(3):767-773.

33. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Acetaminophen. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/information-drug-class/acetaminophen-information. Last accessed August 31, 2022.

34. Lancaster EM, Hiatt JR, Zarrinpar A. Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: an updated review. Arch Toxicol. 2015;89(2):193-199.

35. Daly FF, O'Malley GF, Heard K, Bogdan GM, Dart RC. Prospective evaluation of repeated supratherapeutic acetaminophen (paracetamol) ingestion. Ann Emerg Med. 2004;44(4):393-398.

36. Arundel C, Lewis JH. Drug-induced liver disease in 2006. Curr Opin Gastronterol. 2007;23(3):244-254.

37. Chun LJ, Tong MJ, Busuttil RW, Hiatt JR. Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity and acute liver failure. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2009;43(4):342-349.

38. Fontana RJ. Acute liver failure including acetaminophen overdose. Med Clin North Am. 2008;92(4):761-794, viii.

39. Hersh EV, Lally ET, Moore PA. Update on cyclooxygenase inhibitors: has a third COX isoform entered the fray? Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21(8):1217-1226.

40. Graham GG, Davies MJ, Day RO, Mohamudally A, Scott KF. The modern pharmacology of paracetamol: therapeutic actions, mechanism of action, metabolism, toxicity and recent pharmacological findings. Inflammopharmacology. 2013;21(3):201-232.

41. Chandrasekharan NV, Dai H, Roos KL, et al. COX-3, a cyclooxygenase-1 variant inhibited by acetaminophen and other analgesic/antipyretic drugs: cloning, structure, and expression. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99(21):13926-13931.

42. Kis B, Snipes JA, Busija DW. Acetaminophen and the cyclo-oxygenase-3 puzzle: sorting out facts, fictions, and uncertainties.J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005;15(1):1-7.

43. Graham GG, Scott KF. Mechanism of action of paracetamol. Am J Ther. 2005;12(1):46-55.

44. Hylek EM, Heiman H, Skates SJ, Sheehan MA, Singer DE. Acetaminophen and other risk factors for excessive warfarin anticoagulation. JAMA. 1998;279(9):657-662.

45. Gebauer MG, Nyfort-Hansen K, Henschke PJ, Gallus AS. Warfarin and acetaminophen interaction. Pharmacotherapy. 2003;23(1):109-112.

46. Mahe I, Caulin C, Bergmann JF. Does paracetamol potentiate the effects of oral anticoagulants? A literature review. Drug Safety. 2004;27(5):325-333.

47. Hughes GJ, Patel PN, Saxema N. Effect of acetaminophen on international normalized ratio in patients receiving warfarin therapy. Pharmacotherapy. 2011;31(6):591-597.

48. Parra D, Beckey NP, Stevens GR. The effect of acetaminophen on the international normalized ratio in patients stabilized on warfarin therapy. Pharmacotherapy. 2007;27(5):675-683.

49. Mahé I, Bertrand N, Drouet L, et al. Paracetamol: a haemorrhagic risk factor in patients on warfarin. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;59(3):371-374.

50. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drugs. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/daf. Last accessed August 31, 2022.

51. Derry C, Derry S, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Single dose oral ibuprofen for acute postoperative pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;3:CD001548.

52. Christensen S, Paluch E, Jayawardena S, Daniels S, Meeves S. Analgesic efficacy of a new, immediate-release/extended-release formulation of ibuprofen: results from single- and multiple-dose postsurgical dental pain studies. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2017;6(3):302-312.

53. Beaver WT. Review of the analgesic efficacy of ibuprofen. Int J Clin Pract Suppl. 2003;(135):13-17.

54. Pierce CA, Voss B. Efficacy and safety of ibuprofen and acetaminophen in children and adults: a meta-analysis and qualitative review. Ann Pharmacother. 2010;44(3):489-506.

55. Doyle G, Jayawardena S, Ashraf E, Cooper SA. Efficacy and tolerability of nonprescription ibuprofen versus celecoxib for dental pain. J Clin Pharmacol. 2002;42(8):912-919.

56. Dalen JE. Selective COX-2 inhibitors, NSAIDs, aspirin, and myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(10):1091-1092.

57. Rahme E, Pilote L, LeLorier J. Association between naproxen use and protection against myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(10):1111-1115.

58. Watson DJ, Rhodes T, Cai B, Guess HA. Lower risk of thromboembolic cardiovascular events with naproxen among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(10):1105-1110.

59. Solomon DH, Glynn RJ, Levin R, Avorn J. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162(10):1099-1104.

60. Shiel WC Jr. COX-2 Inhibitors Dilemma. Vioxx, Celebrex, Bextra: What Patients Should Do. Available at https://www.medicinenet.com/cox-2_inhibitors_dilemma_what_patients_should_do/views.htm. Last accessed August 31, 2022.

61. Wiegand T, Delenick MB, Abbasi AA. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) Toxicity. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/816117-overview. Last accessed August 31, 2022.

62. Olson NZ, Otero AM, Marrero I, et al. Onset of analgesia for liquigel ibuprofen 400 mg, acetaminophen 1,000 mg, ketoprofen 25 mg, and placebo in the treatment of postoperative dental pain. J Clin Pharmacol. 2001;41(44):1238-1247.

63. Cooper SA, Reynolds DC, Reynolds B, Hersh EV. Analgesic efficacy and safety of (R)-ketoprofen in postoperative dental pain.J Clin Pharmacol. 1998;38(2 suppl):11S-18S.

64. Akural E, Järvimäki V, Länsineva A, Niinimaa A, Alahuhta S. Effects of combination treatment with ketoprofen 100 mg + acetaminophen 1,000 mg on postoperative dental pain: a single-dose, 10-hour, randomized, double-blind, active- and placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin Ther. 2009;31(3):560-568.

65. Mehlisch DR, Frakes L, Cavaliere MB, Gelman M. Double-blind parallel comparison of single oral doses of ketoprofen, codeine, and placebo in patients with moderate to severe dental pain. J Clin Pharmacol. 1984;24(11-12):486-492.

66. Mehlisch DR, Jasper RD, Brown P, Korn SH, McCarroll K, Murakami AA. Comparative study of ibuprofen lysine and acetaminophen in patients with postoperative dental pain. Clin Ther. 1995;17(5):852-860.

67. Wongrakpanich S, Wongrakpanich A, Melhado K, Rangaswami J. A comprehensive review of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use in the elderly. Aging Dis. 2018;9(1):143-150.

68. Page J, Henry D. Consumption of NSAIDs and the development of congestive heart failure in elderly patients: an under-recognized public health problem. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(6):777-784.

69. Dzau VJ, Packer M, Lilly LS, Swartz SL, Hollenberg NK, Williams GH. Prostaglandins in severe congestive heart failure: relation to activation of the rennin-angiotensin system and hyponatremia. N Engl J Med. 1984;310(6):347-352.

70. Heerdink ER, Leufkens HG, Herings RM, Ottervanger JP, Stricker BH, Bakker A. NSAIDs associated with increased risk of congestive heart failure in elderly patients taking diuretics. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(10):1108-1112.

71. McGettigan P, Han P, Jones L, Whitaker D, Henry D. Selective COX-2 inhibitors, NSAIDs and congestive heart failure: differences between new and recurrent cases. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;65(6):927-934.

72. Ungprasert P, Srivali N, Thongprayoon C. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of incident heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Clin Cardiol. 2016;39(2):111-118.

73. Arfé A, Scotti L, Varas-Lorenzo C, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of heart failure in four European countries: nested case-control study. BMJ. 2016;354:i4857.

74. Schug SA, Parsons B, Chunming L, Feng X. The safety profile of parecoxib for the treatment of postoperative pain: a pooled analysis of 28 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials and a review of over 10 years of postauthorization data. J Pain Res. 2017;10:2451-2459.

75. Scott PA, Kingsley GH, Scott DL. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cardiac failure: meta-analyses of observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Eur J Heart Fail. 2008;10(11):1102-1107.

76. Huerta C, Varas-Lorenzo C, Castellsague J, García Rodríguez LA. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of first hospital admission for heart failure in the general population. Heart. 2006;92(11):1610-1615.

77. Mukherjee D. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the heart: what is the danger? Congest Heart Fail. 2008;14(2):75-82.

78. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Concomitant Use of Ibuprofen and Aspirin: Potential for Attenuation of the Antiplatelet Effect of Aspirin. Available at https://www.fda.gov/media/76636/download. Last accessed August 31, 2022.

79. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Information about taking Ibuprofen and Aspirin Together. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/information-about-taking-ibuprofen-and-aspirin-together. Last accessed August 31, 2022.

80. Catella-Lawson F, Reilly MP, Kapoor SC, et al. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors and the antiplatelet effects of aspirin. N Eng J Med. 2001;345(25):1809-1817.

81. Capone ML, Sciulli MG, Tacconelli S, et al. Pharmacodynamic interaction of naproxen with low-dose aspirin in healthy subjects.J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(8):1295-1301.

82. Po AL, Zhang WY. Analgesic efficacy of ibuprofen alone and in combination with codeine or caffeine in post-surgical pain: a meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1998;53(5):303-311.

83. Derry S, Karlin SM, Moore RA. Single dose oral ibuprofen plus codeine for acute postoperative pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2:CD010107.

84. Sunshine A, Olson NZ, O'Neill E, Ramos I, Doyle R. Analgesic efficacy of a hydrocodone with ibuprofen combination compared with ibuprofen alone for the treatment of acute postoperative pain. J Clin Pharmacol. 1997;37(10):908-915.

85. Ziccardi VB, Desjardins PG, Daly-DeJoy E, Seng GF. Single-dose vicoprofen compared with acetaminophen with codeine and placebo in patients with acute postoperative pain after third molar extractions. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000;58(6):622-628.

86. Dionne RA. Additive analgesic effects of oxycodone and ibuprofen in the oral surgery model. Am J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;57(6):673-678.

87. Graham DY, Malaty HM. Alendronate and naproxen are synergistic for the development of gastric ulcers. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(1):107-110.

88. Bachmann KA, Lewis JD, Fuller MA, Bonfiglio MF (eds). Lexi-Comp's Drug Interactions Handbook. 2nd ed. Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp, Inc.; 2004.

89. Needleman P, Isakson PC. The discovery and function of COX-2. J Rheumatol Supp. 1997;24(Suppl 49):6-8.

90. Jouzeau JY, Terlain B, Abid A, Nédélec E, Netter P. Cyclo-oxygenase isoenzymes: how recent findings affect thinking about nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Drugs. 1997;53(4):563-582.

91. Kurumbail RG, Stevens AM, Gierse JK, et al. Structural basis for selective inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase-2 by anti-inflammatory agents. Nature. 1996;384(6610):644-648.

92. Kaplan-Machlis B, Klostermeyer BS. The cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors: safety and effectiveness. Ann Pharmacother. 1999;33(9): 979-988.

93. Ehrich EW, Dallob A, De Lepeleire I, et al. Characterization of rofecoxib as a cyclooxygenase-2 isoform inhibitor and demonstration of analgesia in the dental pain model. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1999;65(3):336-347.

94. Mukherjee D, Nissen SE, Topol EJ. Risk of cardiovascular events associated with selective COX-2 inhibitors. JAMA. 2001;286(8):954-959.

95. Huber MA, Terezhalmy GT. The use of COX-2 inhibitors for acute dental pain: a second look. J Am Dent Assoc. 2006;137(4): 480-487.

96. Karim A, Tolbert D, Piergies A, et al. Celecoxib does not significantly alter the pharmacokinetics or hypoprothrombinemic effect of warfarin in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;40(6):655-663.

97. Dentali F, Douketis JD, Woods K, et al. Does celecoxib potentiate the anticoagulant effect of warfarin? A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(7-8):1241-1247.

98. Meyer-Kirchrath J, Schrör K. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition and side-effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the gastrointestinal tract. Curr Med Chem. 2000;7(11):1121-1129.

99. Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 selective inhibitors and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: balancing gastrointestinal and cardiovascular risk. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007;8:73.

100. Chen YF, Jobanputra P, Barton P, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (etodolac, meloxicam, Celecoxib, rofecoxib, etoricoxib, valdecoxib and lumiracoxib) for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2008;12(11):1-278, iii.

101. Turajane T, Wongbunnak R, Patcharatrakul T, Ratansumawong K, Poigampetch Y, Songpatanaslip T. Gastrointestinal and cardiovascular risk of non-selective NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors in elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis. J Med Assoc Thai. 2009;92(Suppl 6):S19-S26.

102. Moodley I. Review of the cardiovascular safety of COXIBs compared to NSAIDs. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2008;19(2):102-107.

103. Layton D, Souverein PC, Heerdink ER, Shakir SA, Egberts AC. Evaluation of risk profiles for gastrointestinal and cardiovascular adverse effects in nonselective NSAID and COX-2 inhibitor users: a cohort study using pharmacy dispensing data in the Netherlands. Drug Safety. 2008;31(2):143-158.

104. Thomas D, Ali Z, Zachariah S, Sundararaj KGS, Van Cuyk M, Cooper JC. Coxibx refocus attention on the cardiovascular risks of non-aspirin NSAIDs. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2017;17(5):343-346.

105. Shi S, Klotz U. Clinical use and pharmacological properties of selective COX-2 inhibitors. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;64(3):233-252.

106. Aldous JA, Engar RC. Analgesic prescribing patterns in a group of dentists. Gen Dent. 2000;48(5):586-590.

107. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA's Opioid Analgesic REMS Education Blueprint for Health Care Providers Involved in the Treatment and Monitoring of Patients with Pain. Available at https://www.fda.gov/media/99496/download. Last accessed September 5, 2022.

108. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. News Release: FDA Takes Important Steps to Encourage Appropriate and Rational Prescribing of Opioids Through Final Approval of New Safety Measures Governing the Use of Immediate-Release Opioid Analgesic Medications. Available at https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-takes-important-steps-encourage-appropriate-and-rational-prescribing-opioids-through-final. Last accessed September 5, 2022.

109. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA Warns About Several Safety Issues with Opioid Pain Medicines; Requires Label Changes. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-fda-warns-about-several-safety-issues-opioid-pain-medicines-requires. Last accessed September 5, 2022.

110. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. Controlled Substances Schedules. Available at https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules. Last accessed September 5, 2022.

111. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. Rules—2014. Schedules of Controlled Substances: Rescheduling of Hydrocodone Combination Products from Schedule III to Schedule II. Available at https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/fed_regs/rules/2014/fr0822.htm. Last accessed September 5, 2022.

112. Department of Consumer Affairs, Physician Assistant Board. Rescheduling Hydrocodone Combination Products to Schedule II. Available at https://www.pab.ca.gov/licensees/resch_hydro.shtml. Last accessed September 5, 2022.

113. California Medical Association. Products That Contain Hydrocodone Reclassified to Schedule II. Available at https://www.cmadocs.org/newsroom/news/view/ArticleID/21233/t/Products-that-contain-hydrocodone-reclassified-to-Schedule-II. Last accessed September 5, 2022.

114. State of California Department of Consumer Affairs. AB 2789 Bulletin: Prescribing Laws Take Effect January 1, 2022. Available at https://www.dca.ca.gov/licensees/ab2789_bulletin.pdf. Last accessed September 5, 2022

115. California Office of the Attorney General. California Security Printer Program. Available at https://oag.ca.gov/security-printers. Last accessed September 5, 2022.

116. California Office of the Attorney General. AB 149: New Requirements for Prescription Forms. Available at https://oag.ca.gov/sites/all/files/agweb/pdfs/security-printers/ab-149.pdf. Last accessed September 5, 2022.

117. RxList. Combunox. Available at https://www.rxlist.com/combunox-side-effects-drug-center.htm. Last accessed September 5, 2022.

118. Van Dyke T, Litkowski LJ, Kiersch TA, Zarringhalam NM, Zheng H, Newman K. Combination oxycodone 5 mg/ibuprofen 400 mg for the treatment of postoperative pain: a double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled parallel group study. Clin Ther. 2004;26(12):2003-2014.

119. Litkowski LJ, Christenen SE, Adamson DN, Van Dyke T, Han SH, Newman KB. Analgesic efficacy and tolerability of oxycodone 5mg/ibuprofen 400 mg compared to those of oxycodone 5 mg/acetaminophen 325 mg and hydrocodone 7.5 mg/acetaminophen 500 mg in patients with moderate to severe postoperative pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-dose, parallel-group study in a dental pain model. Clin Ther. 2005;27(4):418-429.

120. Derry S, Derry CJ, Moore RA. Single dose oral ibuprofen plus oxycodone for acute postoperative pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;6:CD010289.

121. Wynn RL, Meiller TF. CYP enzymes and adverse drug reactions. Gen Dent. 1998;46(5):436-438.

122. Stambaugh JE, Hemphill DM, Wainer IW, Schwartz I. A potentially toxic drug interaction between pethidine (meperidine) and phenobarbitone. Lancet. 1977;1(8008):398-399.

123. Wynn RL. Tramodol (Ultram): a new kind of analgesic. Gen Dent. 1996;44(3):216-218, 220.

124. Dubner R, Max MB. Antidepressants and the relief of neuropathic pain: evidence for noradrenergic mechanisms. In: Besson JM, Guilbaud G (eds). Towards the Use of Noradrenergic Agonists For the Treatment of Pain. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica; 1992.

125. Dayer P, Collart L, Desmeules J. The pharmacology of tramadol. Drugs. 1994;47(Suppl 1):3-7.

126. Moroz BT, Ignatov YD, Kalinin VI. Use of tramadol hydrochloride in therapeutic operative dentistry: clinical investigation.Curr Ther Res. 1991;49(3):371-375.

127. Jung YS, Kim DK, Kim MK, et al. Onset of analgesia and analgesic efficacy of tramadol/acetaminophen and codeine/acetaminophen/ibuprofen in acute postoperative pain: a single-center, single-dose, randomized, active-controlled, parallel-group study in a dental surgery pain model. Clin Ther. 2004;26(7):1037-1045.

128. Fricke JR Jr, Karim R, Jordan D, Rosenthal N. A double-blind, single-dose comparison of the analgesic efficacy of tramadol/acetaminophen combination tablets, hydrocodone/acetaminophen combination tablets, and placebo after oral surgery. Clin Ther. 2002;24(6):953-968.

129. Medve RA, Wang J, Karim R. Tramadol and acetaminophen tablets for dental pain. Anesth Prog. 2001;48(3):79-81.

130. Gönül O, Satilmiş T, Bayram F, Göcmen G, Sipahi A, Göker K. Effect of submucosal application of tramadol on postoperative pain after third molar surgery. Head Face Med. 2015;11:35.

131. Huang Q, Rasubala L, Gracely RH, et al. Comparison of analgesic prescriptions for dental pain and patient pain outcomes before vs after an opioid reduction initiative. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(8):e2227219.

132. Martins LD, Rezende M, Loguercio AD, Bortoluzzi MC, Reis A. Analgesic efficacy of ketorolac associated with a tramadol/acetaminophen combination after third molar surgery: a randomized, triple-blind clinical trial. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2019;24(1):e96-e102.

133. Wynn RL, Bergman SA. Clopidogrel (Plavix): dental considerations of an antiplatelet drug. Gen Dent. 2001;49(6):564-568.

134. Rose MA, Kam PC. Gabapentin: pharmacology and its use in pain management. Anaesthesia. 2002;57(5):451-462.

135. CenterWatch. Neurontin (Gabapentin). Available at https://www.centerwatch.com/directories/1067-fda-approved-drugs/listing/3885-neurontin-gabapentin. Last accessed September 6, 2022.

136. Rowbotham M, Harden N, Stacey B, Bernstein P, Magnus-Miller L. Gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1998;280(21):1837-1842.

137. Rosenberg JM, Harrell C, Ristic H, Werner RA, de Rosayro AM. The effect of gabapentin on neuropathic pain. Clin J Pain. 1997;13(3):251-255.

138. Laird MA, Gidal BE. Use of gabapentin in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Ann Pharmacother. 2000;34(6):802-807.

139. Backonja M, Glanzman RL. Gabapentin dosing for neuropathic pain: evidence from randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Clin Ther. 2003;25(1):81-104.

140. Singh D, Kennedy DH. The use of gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia. Clin Ther. 2003;25(3):852-889.

141. Beal B, Moeller-Bertram T, Schilling JM, Wallace MS. Gabapentin for once-daily treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia: a review. Clin Interv Aging. 2012;7:249-255.

142. Wang J, Zhu Y. Different doses of gabapentin formulations for postherpetic neuralgia: a systematical review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Dermatolog Treat. 2017;28(1):65-77.


Copyright © 2022 NetCE, PO Box 997571, Sacramento, CA 95899-7571
Mention of commercial products does not indicate endorsement.