Works Cited

1. Dolbin-MacNab ML. Just like raising your own? Grandmothers' perceptions of parenting a second time around. Fam Relat. 2006;55(5):564-575.

2. Glass JC, Huneycutt TL. Grandparents parenting grandchildren: extent of situation, issues involved, and educational implications. Educ Gerontol. 2002;28(2):139-161.

3. Bachman HJ, Chase-Lansdale PL. Custodial grandmothers' physical, mental, and economic well-being: comparisons of primary caregivers from low-income neighborhoods. Fam Relat. 2005;54(4):475-487.

4. Hayslip B, Kaminski PL. Grandparents raising their grandchildren. Marriage Fam Rev. 2005;37(1/2):147-169.

5. Neely-Barnes SL, Graft JC, Washington G. The health-related quality of life of custodial grandparents. Health Soc Work. 2010;35(2):87-97.

6. Hayslip B, Kaminski PL. Grandparents raising their grandchildren: a review of the literature and suggestions for practice. Gerontologist. 2005;45:262-269.

7. Kaminski PL, Hayslip B, Wilson JL, Casto LN. Parenting attitudes and adjustment among custodial grandparents. J Intergener Relat. 2008;6(3):263-284.

8. Ross MET, Aday L. Stress and coping in African American grandparents who are raising their grandchildren. J Fam Issues. 2006;27: 912-932.

9. Thomas JL, Sperry L, Yarbrough MS. Grandparents as parents: research findings and policy recommendations. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2000;31(1):3-22.

10. Trattner WI. From Poor Law to Welfare State: A History of Social Welfare in America. 6th ed. New York, NY: The Free Press; 1998.

11. Hacsi T. From indenture to family foster care: a brief history of child placing. Child Welfare. 1995;74(1):162-180.

12. American Association of Retired Persons. The Granny Nanny Phenomenon. Available at https://www.aarp.org/relationships/grandparenting/info-02-2009/the_granny_nanny_phenomenon.html. Last accessed January 13, 2023.

13. Hegar R, Scannapieco M. From family duty to family policy: the evolution of kinship care. Child Welfare. 1995;74(1):200-216.

14. Edwards OW. Living with grandma: a grandfamily study. Sch Psychol Int. 2003;24(2):204-217.

15. Gleeson JP. Kinship care as a child welfare service: the policy debate in an era of welfare reform. Child Welfare. 1996;75(5): 419-449.

16. Scannapieco M, Jackson S. Kinship care: the African American response to family preservation. Social Work. 1996;41(2):190-196.

17. Generations United. Family Matters: Multigenerational Families in a Volatile Economy. Available at https://www.gu.org/app/uploads/2018/05/SignatureReport-Family-Matters-Multigen-Families.pdf. Last accessed January 13, 2023.

18. Fuller-Thomson E, Minkler M. American grandparents providing extensive child care to their grandchildren: prevalence and profile. Gerontologist. 2001;41(2):201-209.

19. Ayón C, Aisenberg E, Cimino A. Latino families in the nexus of child welfare, welfare reform, and immigration policies: is kinship care a lost opportunity? Soc Work. 2013;58(1):91-94.

20. Robinson MM, Wilks SE. "Older but not wiser:" what custodial grandparents want to tell social workers about raising grandchildren. Soc Work Christianity. 2006;33(3):164-177.

21. American Association of Retired Persons. Grandfacts: National Fact Sheet for Grandparents and Other Relatives Raising Children. Available at http://www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/relationships/friends-family/grandfacts/grandfacts-national.pdf. Last accessed January 13, 2023.

22. Dunifon R. The influence of grandparents on the lives of children and adolescents. Child Dev Perspect. 2013;7(1):55-60.

23. Pew Research Center. The Return of the Multi-Generational Family Household: Section I. Available at https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2010/03/18/the-return-of-the-multi-generational-family-household. Last accessed January 13, 2023.

24. NewsCAP: Many children worldwide orphaned by COVID-19. American Journal of Nursing. 2021;121(11):13.

25. Kropf NP, Kolomer S. Grandparents raising grandchildren: a diverse population. J Hum Behav Soc Environ. 2004;9(4):65-83.

26. Child Welfare Information Gateway. Kinship Care. Available at https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/outofhome/kinship. Last accessed January 13, 2023.

27. American Community Survey. 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates: Table S1002: Grandparents. Available at https://data.census.gov/table?q=grandparents&t=Grandparents+and+Grandchildren&tid=ACSST1Y2021.S1002. Last accessed January 13, 2023.

28. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Data Archive. Children Living with Substance-Dependent or Substance-Abusing Parents: 2002 to 2007. Available at https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED525064. Last accessed December 28, 2023.

29. Brook J, McDonald TP, Gregoire T, Press A, Hindman B. Parental substance abuse and family reunification. J Soc Work Pract Addict. 2010;10(4):393-412.

30. Osborne C, Berger LM. Parental substance abuse and child well-being: a consideration of parents' gender and coresidence. J Fam Issues. 2009;30(3):341-370.

31. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Children, Youth, and Families, Children's Bureau. Child Maltreatment 2020. Available at https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/report/child-maltreatment-2020. Last accessed December 28, 2022.

32. Berrick JD, Hernandez J. Developing consistent and transparent kinship care policy and practice: state mandated, mediated, and independent care. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2016;68:24-33.

33. Cicchetti D, Valentino K. An ecological-transactional perspective on child maltreatment. In: Kerig PK, Ludlow A (eds). Developmental Psychopathology: DSM-5 Update. 6th ed. London: McGraw-Hill Education UK Ltd.; 2014.

34. Murray J, Farrington DP, Sekol I. Children's antisocial behavior, mental health, drug use, and educational performance after parental incarceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psych Bull. 2012;138(2):175-210.

35. Cassidy J, Ziv Y, Stupica B, et al. Enhancing attachment security in the infants of women in a jail-diversion program. Attach Hum Dev. 2010;12(4):333-353.

36. Anderson L. States with High Opioid Prescribing Rates Have Higher Rates of Grandparents Responsible for Grandchildren. Available at https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2019/04/opioid-crisis-grandparents-raising-grandchildren.html. Last accessed February 18, 2020.

37. UNICEF. Africa's Orphaned and Vulnerable Generations: Children Affected by AIDS. Available at https://reliefweb.int/report/world/africas-orphaned-and-vulnerable-generations-children-affected-aids. Last accessed January 13, 2023.

38. Bunch SG, Eastman BJ, Moore RR. A profile of grandparents raising grandchildren as a result of parental military deployment. J Hum Behav Soc Envrion. 2007;15(4):1-12.

39. Marsh DT. Parental mental illness: issues in custody determinations. Am J Fam Law. 2009;23(1):28-36.

40. National Institute of Mental Health. Major Depression. Available at https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/major-depression.shtml. Last accessed January 13, 2023.

41. Jolivet KR. The psychological impact of divorce on children: what is a family lawyer to do? Am J Fam Law. 2011;25(4):175-183.

42. Worrall J. When grandparents take custody: changing intergenerational relationships: the New Zealand experience. J Intergener Relatsn. 2009;7(2/3):259-273.

43. Dunne EG, Kettler LJ. Grandparents raising grandchildren in Australia: exploring psychological health and grandparents' experiences of providing kinship care. Int J Soc Welf. 2008;17(4):333-345.

44. Settles BH, Zhao J, Mancini KD, Rich A, Pierre S, Oduor A. Grandparents caring for their grandchildren: emerging roles and exchanges in the global perspectives. J Comp Fam Stud. 2009;40(5):827-848.

45. Velkoff VA, Lawson VA. Gender and Aging Caregiving: International Brief. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics, and Statistics Administration; 1998.

46. Robbins R, Scherman A, Holeman H, Wilson J. Roles of American Indian grandparents in times of cultural crisis. J Cult Divers. 2005;12(2):62-68.

47. Brewer P, Venaik S. Individualism-collectivism in Hofstede and GLOBE. J Int Bus Stud. 2011;42:436-445.

48. Weibel-Orlando J. Grandparenting styles: the contemporary Native American experience. In: Sokolovski J (ed). The Cultural Context of Aging: Worldwide Perspectives. 3rd ed. Wesport, CT: Praeger; 2008.

49. Vo-Thanh-Xuan J, Rice PL. Vietnamese-Australian grandparenthood: the changing roles and psychological well-being. J Cross Cul Gerontol. 2000;15(4):265-288.

50. Woods RD. Grandmother roles: a cross cultural view. J Instruct Psychol. 1996;23(4):286-292.

51. Treas J, Mazumdar S. Kinkeeping and caregiving: contributions of older people in immigrant families. J Comp Fam Stud. 2004;35(1):105-122.

52. Jendrek MP. Grandparents who parent their grandchildren: effects on lifestyle. J Marriage Fam. 1993;55(3):609-621.

53. Seltzer MM. Suggestions for the examination of time-disordered relationships. In: Gubrium FJ (ed). Time, Roles and Self in Old Age. New York, NY: Human Sciences Press; 1976: 111-125.

54. Kelley S, Whitley D, Sipe TA, Yorker BC. Psychological distress in grandmother kinship care providers: the role of resources, social support and physical health. Child Abuse Negl. 2000;24(3):311-321.

55. Linsk N, Mason S, Fendrich M, Bass M, Prubhughate P, Brown A. "No matter what I do they still want their family:" stressors for African American grandparents and other relatives. J Fam Soc Work. 2009:12(1):25-43.

56. Shakya HB, Usita PM, Eisenberg C, Weston J, Liles S. Family well-being concerns of grandparents in skipped generation families.J Gerontol Soc Work. 2012;55(1):39-54.

57. Minkler M, Fuller-Thomson E. The health of grandparents raising grandchildren: results of a national study. Am J Pub Health. 1999;89(9):1384-1389.

58. Lee S, Colditz GA, Berkman LF, Kawachi I. Caregiving and risk of coronary heart disease in U.S. women: a prospective study.Am J Prev Med. 2003;24(2):113-119.

59. Lumpkin JR. Grandparents in a parental or near-parental role sources of stress and coping mechanisms. J Fam Issues. 2008;29(3):357-372.

60. Kamya H, Poindexter CC. Mama jaja: the stresses and strengths of HIV-affected Ugandan grandmothers. Soc Work Public Health. 2009;24(1/2):4-21.

61. Hayslip B, Glover RJ. Custodial grandparenting: perceptions of loss by non-custodial grandparent. Omega. 2008-2009;58(3):163-175.

62. Letiecq BL, Bailey SJ, Kurtz MA. Depression among rural Native American and European American grandparents rearing their grandchildren. J Fam Issues. 2008;29(3):334-356.

63. Blustein J, Chan S, Guanais FC. Elevated depressive symptoms among caregiving grandparents. Health Serv Res. 2004;39(6):1671-1699.

64. Wang Y, Marcotte DE. Golden years? The labor market effects of caring for grandchildren. J Marriage Fam. 2007;69(5):1283-1296.

65. Downie JM, Hay DA, Horner BJ, Wichmann H, Hislop AL. Children living with their grandparents: resilience and wellbeing. Int J Soc Welf. 2010;19(1):8-22.

66. American Association of Retired Persons. Grandfacts: California. Available at https://www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/relationships/friends-family/grandfacts/grandfacts-california.pdf. Last accessed January 13, 2023.

67. American Association of Retired Persons. Grandfacts: New York. Available at https://www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/relationships/friends-family/grandfacts/grandfacts-newyork.pdf. Last accessed January 13, 2023.

68. Blume A, Lovato LV. Empowering the disempowered: harm reduction with racial/ethnic minority clients. J Clin Psychol. 2010;66(2): 189-200.

69. Day SE, Bazemore G. Two generations at risk: child welfare, institutional boundaries, and family violence in grandparent homes. Child Welfare. 2011;90(4):99-116.

70. Bullock K, Thomas RL. The vulnerability for elder abuse among a sample of custodial grandfathers: an exploratory study. J Elder Abuse Negl. 2007;19(3/4):133-150.

71. Brownell P, Berman J, Nelson A, Fofana RC. Grandparents raising grandchildren: the risks of caregiving. J Elder Abuse Negl. 2003;15(3/4):5-31.

72. Kosberg JI, MacNeil G. The elder abuse of custodial grandparents: a hidden phenomenon. J Elder Abuse Negl. 2003;15(3/4):33-53.

73. Barker SL, Floersch JE. Practitioners' understandings of spirituality: implications for social work education. J Soc Work Educ. 2010;46(3):357-370.

74. Galla TL, Malettea J, Guirguis-Younger M. Spirituality and religiousness: a diversity of definitions. J Spiritual Ment Health. 2011;13(3):158-181.

75. King JE, Crowther MR. The measurement of religiosity and spirituality: examples and issues from psychology. J Organ Change Manage. 2004;17(1):83-101.

76. Miller L, Wickramaratne P, Gameroff MJ, Sage M, Tenke CE, Weissman MM. Religiosity and major depression in adults at high risk: a ten-year prospective study. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(1):89-94.

77. Pargament K. God help me: toward a theoretical framework of coping for psychology of religion. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion. 1990;26:182-200.

78. Lawrence-Webb C, Okundaye JN. Kinship and spirituality: utilizing strengths of caregivers. J Health Soc Pol. 2007;22(3/4):101-119.

79. Smith-Ruiz D. African American grandmothers providing extensive care to their grandchildren: socio-demographic and health determinants of life satisfaction. J Sociol Soc Welf. 2008;35(4):29-52.

80. Messing JT. From the child's perspective: a qualitative analysis of kinship care placements. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2006:28(12):1415-1434.

81. Sands RG, Goldberg-Glen RS, Shin H. The voices of grandchildren of grandparent caregivers: a strengths-resilient perspective. Child Welfare. 2009;88(2):25-45.

82. Bronfenbrenner U. The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1979.

83. Gibson PA, Singh S. Let's help caregivers and children in informal kinship care: de facto custodian legislation. Child Welfare. 2010;89(3):79-97.

84. Meara K. What's in a name? Defining and granting a legal status to grandparents who are informal primary caregivers of their grandchildren. Fam Court Rev. 2014;52(1):128-141.

85. Letiecq BL, Bailey SJ, Porterfield F. "We have no rights, we get no help:" the legal and policy dilemmas facing grandparent caregivers.J Fam Issues. 2008;29(8):996-1012.

86. Engstrom M. Involving caregiving grandmothers in family interventions when mothers with substance use problems are incarcerated. Fam Process. 2008;47(3):357-371.

87. Cox CB. Empowering African American custodial grandparents. Soc Work. 2002;47(1):45-54.

88. Collins WL. A strengths-based support group to empower African American grandmothers raising grandchildren. Soc Work Christianity. 2011;38(4):453-466.

89. Carra GF, Grayb J, Hayslip B Jr. Needs for information about supportive resources: a predictor of needs for service and service use in African American grandmother caregivers. Intergener Relationsh. 2012;10(1):48-63.

90. Edwards OW, Sweeney AE. Theory-based interventions for school children cared for by their grandparents. Educational Psychology in Practice. 2007;23(2):177-190.

91. Dannison LL, Smith AB. Custodial grandparents community support program: lessons learned. Child Sch. 2003;25(2):87-95.

92. Connor S. Grandparents raising grandchildren: formation, disruption, and intergenerational transmission of attachment. Aust Soc Work. 2006;59(2):172-184.

93. Edwards OW. Teachers' perceptions of the emotional and behavioral functioning of children raised by grandparents. Psychol Sch. 2006;43(5):565-572.

94. Whitley DM, Kelley SJ. Developmental screening and evaluation results of young African American grandchildren raised by grandparents: thoughts for research and practice. Arete. 2008;32(1):38-57.

95. Poehlmann J. An attachment perspective on grandparents raising their young grandchildren: implication for intervention and research. Infant Ment Health J. 2003;24(2):149-173.

96. U.S. Census Bureau. Facts for Features: National Grandparents Day 2017. Available at https://www.census.gov/newsroom/facts-for-features/2017/grandparents-day.html. Last accessed January 13, 2023.

97. Dolbin-MacNab ML, Yancura LA. International perspectives in grandparents raising grandchildren: contextual considerations for advancing global discourse. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2017;86(1):3-33.

98. U.S. Census Bureau. Grandparents and Grandchildren. Available at https://www.census.gov/newsroom/blogs/random-samplings/2016/09/grandparents-and-grandchildren.html. Last accessed January 13, 2023.

99. Olivetti C, Paserman MD, Salisbury L. Three-generation mobility in the United States, 1850–1940: the role of maternal and paternal grandparents. Explor Econ Hist. 2018;70:73-90.

100. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Marriage and Divorce. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/marriage-divorce.htm. Last accessed January 8, 2023.

101. Muennig P, Jiao B, Singer E. Living with parents or grandparents increases social capital and survival: 2014 General Social Survey-National Death Index. SSM Popul Health. 2018;4:71-75.

102. Bertera EM, Crew SE. Parenthood in the twenty-first century: African American grandparents as surrogate parents. J Hum Behav Soc Environ. 2013;23:178-192.

103. Whitley DM, Fuller-Thomson E, Brennenstuhl S. Health characteristics of solo grandparent caregivers and single parents: a comparative profile using the behavior risk factor surveillance survey. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res. 2015;2015:1-10.

104. Pandey A, Littlewood K, Cooper L, et al. A sleep profile of grandparents raising grandchildren from kin tech: a randomized controlled trial. Sleep. 2016;39:A191.

105. Whitley DM, Kelley SJ, Lamis DA. Depression, social support, and mental health: a longitudinal mediation analysis in African American custodial grandmothers. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2016;82(2-3):166-187.

106. Doley R, Bell R, Watt B, Simpson H. Grandparents raising grandchildren: investigating factors associated with distress among custodial grandparent. J Fam Stud. 2015;21(2):101-119.

107. Van Etten D, Gautam R. Custodial grandparents raising grandchildren: lack of legal relationship is a barrier for services. J Gerontol Nurs. 2012;38(6):18-22.

108. Padilla-Frausto DI, Wallace SP. Measuring economic security for grandparents raising grandchildren. Communities & Banking. 2014;25(3):4-6.

109. Lazarus RS, Folkman S. Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. New York, NY: Springer; 1984.

110. Smith GC, Cichy KE, Montoro-Rodriguez J. Impact of coping resources on the well-being of custodial grandmothers and grandchildren. Fam Process. 2015;64(3):378-392.

111. Mhaka-Mutepfa M, Cumming R, Mpofu E. Grandparents fostering orphans: influences of protective factors on their health and well-being. Health Care Women Int. 2014;35(7-9):1022-1039.

112. Maundeni T, Malinga-Musamba T. The role of informal caregivers in the well-being of orphans in Botswana: a literature review. Child Fam Soc Work. 2013;18(2):107-116.

113. Choi M, Sprang G, Eslinger J. Grandparents raising grandchildren: a synthetic review and theoretical model for interventions. Fam Community Health. 2016;39(2):120-128.

114. Cox CB. Policy and custodial grandparents. Marquette Elder's Advisor. 2010;11(2):4.

115. Valentine K, Jenkins B, Brennan D, Cass B. Information provision to grandparent kinship carers: responding to their unique needs. Australian Social Work. 2013;66(3):425-439.

116. Kirby JN. The potential benefits of parenting programs for grandparents: recommendations and clinical implications. J Child Fam Stud. 2015;24(11):3200-3212.

117. Zauszniewski JA, Musil CM, Burant CJ, Au T. Resourcefulness training for grandmothers: preliminary evidence of effectiveness.Res Nurs Health. 2014;37(1):42-52.

118. American Academy of Pediatrics. Grandparents Raising their Children's Children, They Get the Job Done. Available at https://pediatricsnationwide.org/2018/11/12/grandparents-raising-grandchildren-they-get-the-job-done. Last accessed January 13,2023.

119. Generations United. Multigenerational Households. Available at https://www.gu.org/explore-our-topics/multigenerational-households. Last accessed January 14, 2023.

120. U.S. Census Bureau. America's Families and Living Arrangements: 2018. Available at https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2018/demo/families/cps-2018.html. Last accessed January 14, 2023.

121. Arber S, Timonen V. A new look at grandparents. In: Arber S, Timonen V (eds). Contemporary Grandparenting: Changing Family Relationships in Global Contexts. Bristol: University of Bristol; 2012:1-24.

122. Grandfamilies. Grandfacts: State Fact Sheets for Grandfamilies. Available at http://www.grandfamilies.org/Portals/0/State%20Fact%20Sheets/Grandfamilies-Fact-Sheet-United-States.pdf. Last accessed January 14, 2023.

123. Generations United. State of Grandfamilies 2016: Raising the Children of the Opioid Epidemic: Solutions and Support for Grandfamilies. Washington, DC: Generations United; 2016.

124. Timonen V, Arber S. A new look at grandparenting. In: Arber S, Timonen V (eds). Contemporary Grandparents: Changing Family Relationships in Global Contexts. Bristol: Policy Press; 2012: 1-24.

125. National Resource Center on Children and Families of the Incarcerated. Children and Families of the Incarcerated Fact Sheet. Available at https://nrccfi.camden.rutgers.edu/files/nrccfi-fact-sheet-2014.pdf. Last accessed January 14, 2023.

126. National Council on Family Relations. How Parental Incarceration Harms Children and What to Do About It. Available at https://www.ncfr.org/sites/default/files/2018-01/How%20Parental%20Incarceration%20Harms%20Children%20NCFR%20Policy_Exec%20Summary_Jan.%202018.pdf. Last accessed January 14, 2023.

127. World Health Organization. Children's Environmental Health. Available at https://www.who.int/health-topics/children-environmental-health. Last accessed January 14, 2023.

128. Generations United. Family Matters: Multigenerational Living is On the Rise and Here to Stay. Available at https://www.gu.org/resources/multigenerational-families. Last accessed February 15, 2023.

129. U.S. Department of Defense. Month of the Military Child. Available at https://dod.defense.gov/News/Special-Reports/0418_militarychild. Last accessed January 14, 2023.

130. Leinaweaver J. Informal kinship-based fostering around the world: anthropological findings. Child Dev Perspect. 2014;8(3):131-136.

131. Masfety VK, Aarnink C, Otten R, et al. Three-generation households and child mental health in European countries. Soc Psych Psych Epid. 2019;54:427-436.

132. Xu H. Physical and mental health of Chinese grandparents caring for grandchildren and great-grandparents. Soc Sci Med. 2019;229: 106-116.

133. Wen M, Ren Q, Korinek K, Trinh HN. Living in skipped generation households and happiness among middle-aged and older grandparents in China. Soc Sci Res. 2019;80:145-155.

134. Ingersoll-Dayton B, Punpuing S, Tangchonlatip K, Yakas L. Pathways to grandparents' provision of care in skipped-generation households in Thailand. Ageing Soc. 2018;38(7):1429-1452.

135. Mendoza AN, Fruhauf CA, Bundy-Fazioli K, Weil J. Understanding Latino grandparents raising grandchildren through a bioecological lens. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2018;86(3):281-305.

136. Peterson TL. Grandparents raising grandchildren in the African American community. Generations. 2018;42(3):30-36.

137. Dennis MK, Brewer JP. Rearing generations: Lakota grandparents' commitment to family and community. J Cross Cult Gerontol. 2017;32(1):95-113.

138. Lewis JP, Boyd K, Allen J, Rasmus S, Henderson T. "We raise our grandchildren as our own:" Alaska native grandparents raising grandchildren in Southwest Alaska. J Cross Cult Gerontol. 2018;33(3):265-286.

139. Crowther MR, Huang CH, Allen RS. Rewards and unique challenges faced by African-American custodial grandmothers: the importance of future planning. Aging Ment Health. 2015;19(9):844-852.

140. Taylor MF, Coall DA, Karthigesu S. Who'll care for them in the event of me dying? Custodial grandparents' incapacity, mortality, and succession care-plan fears for their custodial grandchild/ren. J Intergener Relationsh. 2019;17(2):178-200.

141. du Preez J, Richmond J, Marquis R. Issues affecting Australian grandparents who are primary caregivers of grandchildren: a review.J Fam Stud. 2017;23(1):142-159.

142. Hatcher J, Voigts K, Culp-Roche A, Adegboyega A, Scott T. Rural grandparent headed households: a qualitative description. Online Journal of Rural Nursing and Health Care. 2018;18(1):40-62.

143. Polvere L, Barnes C, Lee E. Housing needs of grandparent caregivers: grandparent, youth, and professional perspectives. J Gerontol Soc Work. 2018;61(5):549-566.

144. Yalcin BM, Pirdal H, Karakoc EV, Sahin EM, Ozturk O, Unal M. General health perception, depression and quality of life in geriatric grandmothers providing care for grandchildren. Arch Gerontol Geriat. 2018;79:108-115.

145. Whitley DM, Fuller-Thomson E. African-American solo grandparents raising grandchildren: a representative profile of their health status. J Commun Health. 2017;42(2):312-323.

146. Mendoza AN, Fruhauf CA, MacPhee D. Grandparent caregivers' resilience: stress, support, and coping predict life satisfaction. Innov Aging. 2018;2(Suppl 1):293.

147. Shovali TE, Emerson KG, Augusta M. School-aged children living in grandfamilies: grandparent caregiver confidence in community resources matters. Child Welfare. 2019;97(2):79-94.

148. Peterson TL. Future care planning by older grandparents raising adolescent grandchildren. Fam Soc. 2018;99(1):67-77.

149. Rosen T, Clark S, Flomenbaum NE, et al. Acute precipitants of physical elder abuse: qualitative analysis of legal records from highly adjudicated cases. J Interpers Violence. 2019;34(12):2599-2623.

150. Hayslip B, Fruhauf C, Doolbin-MacNab M. Grandparents raising grandchildren: what have we learned over the past decade. Gerontologist. 2017;57(6):1196-2008.

151. Smith GC, Hayslip B, Webster BA. Psychological difficulties among custodial grandchildren. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2019;104:104390.

152. Hunt J. Grandparents as substitute parents in the UK. Contemp Soc Sci. 2018;13(2):75-186.

153. Cox C. Cultural diversity among grandparent caregivers: implications for interventions and policy. Educ Gerontol. 2018;44(8): 484-491.

154. Sadruddin AFA, Ponguta LA, Zonderman AL, Wiley KS, Grimshaw A, Panter-Brick C. How do grandparents influence child health and development? A systematic review. Soc Sci Med. 2019;239:112476.

155. Peterson TL, Scott CB, Ombayo B, Davis T, Sullivan D. Biggest concerns of school personnel about students raised by grandparents. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2019;102:201-209.

156. Peterson TL. Open house as a tool to connect schools to grandparents raising grandchildren. Children and Schools. 2017;39(1):25-32.

157. Lee Y. A model for school professionals working with grandparent-headed families. Soc Work. 2017;62(2):122-129.

158. Rushovich BR, Murray KW, Woodruff K, Freeman PC. A Kinship Navigator Program: a comprehensive approach to support private and voluntary kinship caregivers. Child Welfare. 2017;95(3):111-131.

159. Hillis SD, Unwin HJT, Chen Y, et al. Global minimum estimates of children affected by COVID-19-associated orphanhood and deaths of caregivers: a modelling study. Lancet. 2021;398(10298):391-402.

160. Murray C, Bain L, Drake P, Avery D. Stepping up and stepping in: exploring the role of nurses in supporting grandparents raising grandchildren. Journal of Family Nursing. 2022;28(4):341-352.

161. U.S. Census Bureau. Census Bureau Releases New Report on Living Arrangements of Children. Available at https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2022/living-arrangements-of-chldren.html. Last accessed February 15, 2023.

162. Duffin E. Children Living with Grandparents in the U.S. 2022, by Age of Child. Available at https://www.statista.com/statistics/769741/us-children-living-with-grandparents-by-age-of-child. Last accessed February 15, 2023.

164. Grandfamilies.org. Grandfacts: State Fact Sheets for Grandfamilies. Available at https://www.grandfamilies.org/Portals/0/State%20Fact%20Sheets/Grandfamilies-Fact-Sheet-United-States.pdf. Last accessed February 15, 2023.

165. Bailey SJ, Letiecq BL, Visconti K, et al. Rural native and European American custodial grandparents: stressors, resources, and resilience. Journal of Cross Cultural Gerontology. 2019;34:131-148.

166. Sepulveda K, Williams SC. One in Three Children Entered Foster Care in 2017 Because of Parental Drug Abuse. Available at https://www.childtrends.org/one-in-three-children-entered-foster-care-in-fy-2017-because-of-parental-drug-abuse. Last accessed February 15, 2023.

167. Maruschak LM, Bronson J, Alper M. Survey of Prison Inmates, 2016: Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children. Available at https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/pptmcspi16st.pdf. Last accessed February 15, 2023.

168. Cunitz K, Dölitzsch C, Kösters M, et al. Parental military deployment as risk factor for children's mental health: a meta-analytical review. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Mental Health. 2019;13:26.

169. Campbell TCH, Reupert A, Sutton K et al. Prevalence of mental illness among parents of children receiving treatment within child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS): a scoping review. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2021;30(7):997-1012.

170. Kim S. Grandparenting: Focus on Asia. Paper prepared for: 2020 Expert Group Meeting on Families in Development: Focus on Modalities for IYF+30, Parenting Education and the Impact of COVID-19.

171. Knodel J, Nguyen MD. Grandparents and grandchildren: care and support in Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. Ageing and Society. 2015;35(9):1960-1988.

172. Hung SL, Fung KK, Lau ASM. Grandparenting in Chinese skipped-generation families: cultural specificity of meanings and coping. Journal of Family Studies. 2021;27(2):196-214.

173. McCarthy L. Attention to gender and race in interventions for custodial grandparents: a scoping review. Journal of Feminist Family Therapy. 2021;33(4):295-314.

174. Kim JH. Grandparenting, filial piety, and well-being of Chinese-American older adults. Current Sociology. 2022;70(6):860-879.

175. Woods T. The health of African American grandmothers raising grandchildren: a growing social problem. Journal of Family Issues. 2021;42(7):1429-1442.

176. Tracy EM, Braxton R, Henrich C, et al. Grandmothers raising grandchildren: managing, balancing and maintaining family relationships. Journal of Women & Aging. 2022;34(6):757-772.

177. Fokakis ZN, Nadorff DK, McKay IT. Is raising your grandchild bad for your health? The association between custodial grandparent status and health biomarkers in Taiwanese grandparents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(5):1753.

178. Danielsbacka M, Křenková L, Tanskanen AO. Grandparenting, health, and well-being: a systematic literature review. European Journal of Ageing. 2022;19(3):341-368.

179. Fernandes C, Blundell B, Moran RJ, Gilbert JM, Liddiard M. "It's not fair:" custodial grandparents' access to services and supports in Australia. Child & Family Social Work. 2021;26(4):572-581.

180. Tang F, Li K, Rauktis ME, Farmer EMZ, McDaniel S. Stress, coping, and quality of life among custodial grandparents. Journal of Gerontological Social Work. 2022;65(8):1-14.

181. Coleman-Reed FV, Nelson-Gardell D. Grandparent caregivers: promoting positive life satisfaction. International Journal of Health, Wellness & Society. 2021;11(1):159-170.

182. Harris K, Ashirifi G, Harris C, Trauth J. Are grandparents raising grandchildren receiving the services they need? Journal of Childhood, Education & Society. 2021;2(2):167-177.

183. Wu Q, Xu Y, Jedwab M. Custodial grandparent's job loss during the COVID-19 pandemic and its relationship with parenting stress and mental health. Journal of Applied Gerontology. 2021;40(9):923-933.

184. Xu Y, Harrison T. Custodial grandparents' depression and access to health care during covid-19: the role of racial discrimination. Innovative Aging. 2022;6(Suppl 1):260.

185. Xu Y, Pace S, McCarthy LP, Harrison TM, Wang Y. Interventions to improve outcomes of grandchildren raised by grandparents: a systematic review. Research on Social Work Practice. 2022;32(6):635-650.

186. Peterson TL. Support and satisfaction: perspectives of older grandparent caregivers about faith-based communities. Journal of Gerontological Social Work. 2022;65(8):883-897.

187. Keller PS, Bi S, Schoenberg N. Internalizing symptoms in children being reared by grandparents in rural Appalachia: risk and protective factors. Journal of Family Issues. 2021;44(2):386-408.

188. Child Welfare Information Gateway. Kinship Care and the Child Welfare System. Available at https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/f_kinshi.pdf. Last accessed February 15, 2023.

189. Dolbin-MacNab ML, Smith GC, Hayslip B. The role of social services in reunified custodial grandfamilies. Children and Youth Services Review. 2022;132:106339.

190. Bridges DR, Davidson RA, Odegard PS, Maki IV, Tomkowiak J. Interprofessional collaboration: three best practice models of interprofessional education. Medical Education Online. 2011;16.

191. Lee Y, Anderson E, Bronstein L. Meeting the unique needs of grandparent-headed families using a community-university interdisciplinary model. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships. 2015;13(2):134-149.

192. Lee Y, Blitz LV. We're GRAND: a qualitative design and development pilot project addressing the needs and strengths of grandparents raising grandchildren. Child & Family Social Work. 2016;21(4):381-390.

193. Mellin EA. Unpacking interdisciplinary collaboration in expanded school mental health: a conceptual model for developing the evidence base, advances in school mental health. Promotion. 2009;2(3):4-14.

194. Kelley SJ, Whitley D, Sipe TA. Results of an interdisciplinary intervention to improve the psychosocial well-being and physical functioning of African American grandmothers raising grandchildren. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships. 2007;5(3):45-64.

195. Cohn D, Horowitz JM, Minkin R, Fry R, Hurst K. Financial Issues Top the List of Reasons U.S. Adults Live in Multigenerational Homes. Available at https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2022/03/24/the-demographics-of-multigenerational-households. Last accessed February 15, 2023.


Copyright © 2023 NetCE, PO Box 997571, Sacramento, CA 95899-7571
Mention of commercial products does not indicate endorsement.