1. Cooper GS, Bynum MLK, Somers EC. Recent insights in the epidemiology of autoimmune diseases: improved prevalence estimates and understanding of clustering of diseases. J Autoimmune. 2009;33(3-4):197-207.
2. National Institutes of Health, the Autoimmune Diseases Coordinating Committee. Progress in Autoimmune Diseases Research: Report to Congress. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2005.
3. American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association, Inc. Autoimmune Facts. Available at https://autoimmune.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/1-in-5-Brochure.pdf. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
4. American Cancer Society. Population of US Cancer Survivors Grows to Nearly 17 Million. Available at https://www.cancer.org/research/acs-research-news/population-of-us-cancer-survivors-grows-to-nearly-17-million.html. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. FastStats: Heart Disease. Available athttps://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/heart-disease.htm. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
6. American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association, Inc. Essential Information for Women on Diagnosis, Treatment, and Getting on With Your Life. Available at https://autoimmune.org/autoimmune-connection-announcement-2/. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
7. Wolfe F, Smythe HA, Yunus MB, et al. The American College of Rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia. Report of the Multicenter Criteria Committee. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33(2):160-172.
8. American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Guidelines. Guidelines for referral and management of systemic lupus erythematosus in adults. Arthrit Rheum. 1999;42(9):1785-1796.
9. Carli L, Tani C, Querci F, et al. Analysis of the prevalence of cataracts and glaucoma in systemic lupus erythematosus and evaluation of the rheumatologists' practice for the monitoring of glucocorticoid eye toxicity. Clin Rheumatol. 2013;32(7):1071-1073.
10. Navarro RP. Contemporary management strategies for fibromyalgia. Am J Manag Care. 2009;15(7 Suppl):S197-S218.
11. Ledwich LJ, Clarke K. Screening and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis patients in an urban multispecialty practice. J Clin Rheumatol. 2009;15(2):61-64.
12. Canaris GJ, Manowitz NR, Mayor G, Ridgway EC. The Colorado thyroid disease prevalance study. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(4):526-534.
13. Aoki Y, Belin RM, Clickner R, Jeffries R, Phillips L, Mahaffey KR. Serum TSH and total T4 in the United States population and their association with participant characteristics: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999–2002). Thyroid. 2007;17(12):1211-1223.
14. Schmajuk G, Yelin E, Chakravarty E, Nelson LM, Panopolis P, Yazdany J. Osteoporosis screening, prevention, and treatment in systemic lupus erythematosus: application of the systemic lupus erythematosus quality indicators. Arthritis Care Res. 2010;62(7):993-1001.
15. Demas KL, Keenan BT, Solomon DH, Yazdany J, Costenbader KH. Osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease care in systemic lupus erythematosus according to new quality indicators. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2010;40(3):193-200.
16. Staines DR. Is fibromyalgia an autoimmune disorder of endogenous vasoactive neuropeptides? Med Hypotheses. 2004;62(5):665-669.
17. Buskila D, Sarzi-Puttini P. Fibromyalgia and autoimmune diseases: the pain behind autoimmunity. Isr Med Assoc J. 2008;10(1):77-78.
18. Iverson MD, Hammond A, Betteridge N. Self-management of rheumatic diseases: state of the art and future perspectives. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(6):955-963.
19. Motley CP, Maxwell ML. Fibromyalgia: helping your patient while maintaining your sanity. Prim Care. 2010;37(4):743-755.
21. Cooper GS, Stroehla BC. The epidemiology of autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2003;2(3):119-125.
22. Rostom A, Dubé C, Cranney A, et al. Celiac Disease. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 104. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2004.
23. Luxon BA. Diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune hepatitis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2008;37(2):461-478.
24. Jacobson DL, Gange SJ, Rose NR, Graham NM. Epidemiology and estimated population burden of selected autoimmune diseases in the United States. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1997;84(3):223-243.
25. Mease P. Fibromyalgia syndrome: review of clinical presentation, pathogenesis, outcome measures, and treatment. J Rheumatol Suppl. 2005;75:6-21.
26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence and most common causes of disability among adults—United States, 2005. MMWR. 2009;58(16):421-426.
27. Walsh SJ, Rau LM. Autoimmune diseases: a leading cause of death among young and middle-aged women in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2000;90(9):1463-1466.
28. Thomas SL, Griffiths C, Smeeth L, Rooney C, Hall AJ. Burden of mortality associated with autoimmune diseases among females in the United Kingdom. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(11):2279-2287.
29. Mackay IR, Rose NR. The Autoimmune Diseases. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Academic Press; 2006.
30. Hewagama A, Richardson B. The genetics and epigenetics of autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmun. 2009;33(1):3-11.
31. Siegel R, Lipsky PE. Autoimmunity. In: Firestein G, Budd RC, Harris ED Jr, McInnes IB, Ruddy S, Sergent JS (eds). Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2012.
32. Arbuckle MR, McClain MT, Rubertone MV, et al. Development of autoantibodies before the clinical onset of systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(16):1526-1533.
34. Becker KG. The common variants/multiple disease hypothesis of common complex genetic disorders. Med Hypotheses. 2004;62(2):309-317.
35. Lettre G, Rioux JD. Autoimmune diseases: insights from genome-wide association studies. Hum Mol Genet. 2008;17(R2):R116-R121.
36. Hatano H, Ishigaki K. Functional genetics to understand the etiology of autoimmunity. Genes. 2023;14(3):572.
37. Presutti RJ, Cangemi JR, Cassidy HD, Hill DA. Celiac disease. Am Fam Physician. 2007;76(12):1795-1802.
38. Pearce SH, Merriman TR. Genetics of type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2009;38(2):289-301.
39. Aslani S, Rezaei R, Jamshidi A, Mahmoudi M. Genetic and epigenetic etiology of autoimmune diseases: lessons from twin studies. Rheumatol Res. 2018;3(2):45-57.
40. Khan MF, Wang H. Environmental exposures and autoimmune diseases: contribution of gut microbiome. Front Immunol. 2020;10:3094.
41. Mu Q, Zhang H, Liao X, et al. Control of lupus nephritis by changes of gut microbiota. Microbiome. 2017;5:73.
42. Azzouz D, Omarbekova A, Heguy A, et al. Lupus nephritis is linked to disease-activity associated expansions and immunity to a gut commensal. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78:947-956.
43. Jorg S, Grohme DA, Erzler M, et al. Environmental factors in autoimmune diseases and their role in multiple sclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2016;73(24):4611-4622.
44. Tough DF, Borrow P, Sprent J. Induction of bystander T cell proliferation by viruses and type I interferon in vivo. Science. 1996;272(5270):1947-1950.
45. Horwitz MS, Bradley LM, Harbertson J, Krahl T, Lee J, Sarvetnick N. Diabetes induced by coxsackie virus: initiation by bystander damage and not molecular mimicry. Nat Med. 1998;4(7):781-785.
46. Shim CH, Cho S, Shin YM, Choi JM. Emerging role of bystander T cell activation in autoimmune diseases. BMB Reports. 2022;55(2):57-64.
47. Casiraghi C, Horwitz MS. Epstein-Barr virus and autoimmunity: the role of a latent viral infection in multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis. Future Virology. 2013;8(2):173-182.
48. Hanlon P, Avenell A, Aucott L, Vickers MA. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the sero-epidemiological association between Epstein-Barr virus and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16(1):R3.
49. Sciascia S, Ceberio L, Garcia-Fernandez C, Roccatello D, Karim Y, Cuadrado MJ. Systemic lupus erythematosus and infections: clinical importance of conventional and upcoming biomarkers. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;12(2):157-163.
50. Abeles AM, Pillinger MH, Solitar BM, Abeles M. Narrative review: the pathophysiology of fibromyalgia. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(10):726-734.
51. Hansen A, Lipsky PE, Dörner T. Immunopathogenesis of primary Sjögren syndrome: implications for disease management and therapy. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2005;17(5):558-565.
52. Sharif K, Watad A, Coplan L, et al. The role of stress in the mosaic of autoimmunity: an overlooked association.Autoimmun Rev. 2018;17:967-983.
53. Stojanovich L, Marisavljevich D. Stress as a trigger of autoimmune disease. Autoimmun Rev. 2008;7(3):209-213.
56. Bennett RM, Jones J, Turk DC, Russell IJ, Matallana L. An internet survey of 2,596 people with fibromyalgia. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007;8:27.
58. Ilchmann-Diounou H, Menard S. Psychological stress, intestinal barrier dysfunctions, and autoimmune disorders: an overview. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1-12.
59. O'Donovan A, Cohen BE, Seal KH, et al. Elevated risk for autoimmune disorders in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder.Biol Psychiatry. 2015;77:365-374.
61. Costenbader KH, Feskanich D, Stampfer MJ, Karlson EW. Reproductive and menopausal factors and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus in women. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(4):1251-1262.
62. Costenbader KH, Karlson EW. Cigarette smoking and autoimmune disease: what can we learn from epidemiology? Lupus. 2006;15(11):737-745.
63. Tomer Y, Huber A. The etiology of autoimmune thyroid disease: a story of genes and environment. J Autoimmune. 2009;32(3-4):231-239.
64. Pollard KM, Cauvi DM, Toomey CB, Hultman P, Kono DH. Mercury-induced inflammation and autoimmunity. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 2019;1863(12):129299.
65. Parks CG, de Souza Espindola Santos A, Lerro CC, et al. Lifetime pesticide use and antinuclear antibodies in male farmers from the Agricultural Health Study. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1476.
66. National Institutes of Health. The Role of Environmental Exposures in the Development of Autoimmune Disease (R21). Available athttps://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-ES-13-011.html. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
68. 68. Helmick CG, Felson DT, Lawrence RC, et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. Part I. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(1):15-25.
69. McCombe PA, Greer JM, Mackay IR. Sexual dimorphism in autoimmune disease. Curr Mol Med. 2009;9(9):1058-1079.
70. Aringer M, Costenbader K, Daikh D, et al. 2019 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71(9):1400-1412.
71. Subcommittee for Scleroderma Criteria of the American Rheumatism Association Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria Committee. Preliminary criteria for the classification of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). Arthritis Rheum. 1980;23(5):581-590.
72. Wolfe F, Clauw DJ, Fitzcharles MA, et al. The American College of Rheumatology preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia and measurement of symptom severity. Arthritis Care Res. 2010;62(5):600-610.
73. 73. Rostom A, Murray JA, Kagnoff MF. Medical position statement on celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2006;131(6):1977-1980.
74. Biró E, Szekanecz Z, Czirják L, et al. Association of systemic and thyroid autoimmune diseases. Clin Rheumatol. 2006;25(2):240-245.
75. Weng X, Liu L, Barcellos LF, Allison JE, Herrinton LJ. Clustering of inflammatory bowel disease with immune mediated diseases among members of a northern California-managed care organization. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(7):1429-1435.
76. Kassan SS, Moutsopoulos HM. Clinical manifestations and early diagnosis of Sjögren syndrome. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(12):1275-1284.
77. Barton SH, Murray JA. Celiac disease and autoimmunity in the gut and elsewhere. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2008;37(2):411-428.
78. 78. Eaton WW, Rose NR, Kalaydjian A, Pedersen MG, Mortensen PB. Epidemiology of autoimmune diseases in Denmark. J Autoimmune. 2007;29(1):1-9.
79. Iannuccelli C1, Spinelli FR, Guzzo MP, et al. Fatigue and widespread pain in systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome: symptoms of the inflammatory disease or associated fibromyalgia? Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2012;30(6 Suppl 74):117-121.
80. Friedman AW, Tewi MB, Ahn C, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus in three ethnic groups: XV. Prevalence and correlates of fibromyalgia. Lupus. 2003;12(4):274-279.
81. Bazzichi L, Rossi A, Zirafa C, et al. Thyroid autoimmunity may represent a predisposition for the development of fibromyalgia? Rheumatol Int. 2012;32(2):335-341.
82. >Committee on Health Literacy, Board on Neuroscience and Behavioral Health. Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2004.
83. 83. Kirsch I, Jungeblut A, Jenkins L, Kolstad A. Adult Literacy in America: A First Look at the Results of the National Adult Literacy Survey. Washington, DC: Office of Educational Research and Improvement, U.S. Department of Education; 1993.
84. Sharif K, Watad A, Bragazzi NL, et al. Physical activity and autoimmune diseases: get moving and manage the disease.Autoimmun Rev. 2018;17:53-72.
85. Michalski JP, Kodner C. Systematic lupus erythematosus: safe and effective management in primary care. Prim Care. 2010;37(4):767-778.
86. Efthimiou P, Kukar M. Complementary and alternative medicine use in rheumatoid arthritis: proposed mechanism of action and efficacy of commonly used modalities. Rheumatol Int. 2010;30(5):571-586.
87. Shaver JL, Wilbur J, Lee H, Robinson FP, Wang E. Self-reported medication and herb/supplement use by women with and without fibromyalgia. J Womens Health. 2009;18(5):709-716.
88. 88. Kumar K, Chambers S, Gordon C. Challenges of ethnicity in SLE. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2009;23(4):549-561.
90. Fiscella K, Meldrum S, Franks P, et al. Patient trust: is it related to patient-centered behavior of primary care physicians? Med Care. 2004;42(11):1049-1055.
91. Safran DG, Taira DA, Rogers WH, Kosinski M, Ware JE, Tarlov AR. Linking primary care performance to outcomes of care. J Fam Pract. 1998;47(3):213-220.
92. Beck RS, Daughtridge R, Sloane PD. Physician-patient communication in the primary care office: a systematic review. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2002;15(1):25-38.
93. 93. National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS) in Health and Health Care. Available at https://thinkculturalhealth.hhs.gov/assets/pdfs/EnhancedNationalCLASStandards.pdf. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
94. Paez K, Allen JK, Beach MC, Carson KA, Cooper LA. Physician cultural competence and patient ratings of the patient-physician relationship. J Gen Intern Med. 2009;24(4):495-498.
95. Powers BJ, Trinh JV, Bosworth HB. Can this patient read and understand written health information? JAMA. 2010;304(1):76-84.
96. U.S. Census Bureau. Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2021. Available at https://data.census.gov/table?q=DP02&tid=ACSDP1Y2021.DP02. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
97. Karliner LS, Napoles-Springer AM, Schillinger D, Bibbins-Domingo K, Pérez-Stable EJ. Identification of limited English proficient patients in clinical care. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(10):1555-1560.
98. Sevilla Mátir JF, Willis DR. Using bilingual staff members as interpreters. Fam Pract Manag. 2004;11(7):34-36.
99. 99. Ngo-Metzger Q, Massagli MP, Clarridge BR, et al. Linguistic and cultural barriers to care: perspectives of Chinese and Vietnamese immigrants. J Gen Intern Med. 2003;18(1):44-52.
100. Flores G. Language barriers to health care in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(3):229-231.
101. Boylen S, Cherian S, Gill FJ, Leslie GD, Wilson S. Impact of professional interpreters on outcomes for hospitalized children from migrant and refugee families with limited English proficiency: a systematic review. JBI Evid Synth. 2020;18(7):1360-1388.
102. Flores G. The impact of medical interpreter services on the quality of health care: a systematic review. Med Care Res Rev. 2005;62(3):255-299.
103. Karliner LS, Jacobs EA, Chen AH, Mutha S. Do professional interpreters improve clinical care for patients with limited English proficiency? A systematic review of the literature. Health Serv Res. 2007;42(2):727-754.
104. 104. Chao MT, Wade C, Kronenberg F. Disclosure of complementary and alternative medicine to conventional medical providers: variation by race/ethnicity and type of CAM. J Natl Med Assoc. 2008;100(11):1341-1349.
105. Graham RE, Ahn AC, Davis RB, O'Connor BB, Eisenberg DM, Phillips RS. Use of complementary and alternative medical therapies among racial and ethnic minority adults: results from the 2002 National Health Interview Survey. J Natl Med Assoc. 2005;97(4):535-545.
106. Kutner M, Greenberg E, Jin,Y, Paulsen C, White S. The Health Literacy of America's Adults: Results from the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics; 2006.
107. Paasche-Orlow MK, Parker RM, Gazmararian JA, Nielsen-Bohlman LT, Rudd RR. The prevalence of limited health literacy. J Gen Intern Med. 2005;20(2):175-184.
108. Shah LC, West P, Bremmeyr K, Savoy-Moore RT. Health literacy instrument in family medicine: the "newest vital sign" ease of use and correlates. J Am Board Fam Med. 2010;23(2):195-203.
109. 109. Jeppesen KM, Coyle JD, Miser WF. Screening questions to predict limited health literacy: a cross-sectional study of patients with diabetes mellitus. Ann Fam Med. 2009;7(1):24-31.
110. Solis-Trapala I, Campbell P, Lacey RJ, Rowlands G, Dunn KM, Protheroe J. Are childhood factors predictive of adult health literacy? A longitudinal birth cohort analysis. SSM Popul Health. 2023;23:101426.
111. Weiss BD, Mays MZ, Martz W, et al. Quick assessment of literacy in primary care: the newest vital sign. Ann Fam Med. 2005;3(6):514-522.
112. Santana S, Brach C, Harris L, et al. Updating health literacy for Healthy People 2030: defining its importance for a new decade in public health. J Public Health Manage Pract. 2021;27(Suppl 6):S258-S264.
114. 114. Hollowell JG, Staehling NW, Flanders WD, et al. Serum TSH, T(4), and thyroid antibodies in the United States population (1988 to 1994): National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(2):489-499.
115. Wiersinga WM, Bartalena L. Epidemiology and prevention of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Thyroid. 2002;12(10):855-860.
117. Dillon CF, Weisman MH, Miller FW. Population-based estimates of humoral autoimmunity from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1960–2014.PLOS One. 2020;15(1):e0226516.
118. Slatosky J, Shipton B, Wahba H. Thyroiditis: differential diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 2000;61(4):1047-1054.
119. 119. Devdhar M, Ousman YH, Burman KD. Hypothyroidism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2007;36(3):595-615.
120. Tunbridge WM, Vanderpump MP. Population screening for autoimmune thyroid disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2000;29(2):239-253.
121. Vanderpump M. The epidemiology of thyroid diseases. In: Braverman L, Utiger RD (eds). The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2004: 398-406.
122. Boelaert K, Newby PR, Simmonds MJ, et al. Prevalence and relative risk of other autoimmune diseases in subjects with autoimmune thyroid disease. Am J Med. 2010;123(2):e1-e9.
123. Cruz AA, Akaishi PM, Vargas MA, de Paula SA. Association between thyroid autoimmune dysfunction and non-thyroid autoimmune diseases. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;23(2):104-108.
124. 124. Garber JR, Cobin RH, Gharib H, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association. Endocr Pract. 2012;18(6):989-1028.
125. Ruggeri RM, Trimarchi F, Giuffrida G, et al. Autoimmune comorbidities in Hashimoto's thyroiditis: different patterns of association in adults and childhood/adolescence.Eur J Endocrinol. 2017;176:133-141.
126. Biondi B, Kahaly GJ, Roberton RP. Thyroid dysfunction and diabetes mellitus: two closely associated disorders. Endocr Rev. 2019;40(3):789-824.
127. Schubert MF, Kountz DS. Thyroiditis: a disease with many faces. Postgrad Med. 1995;98(2):101-112.
129. 129. Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, et al. 2016 American Thyroid Association guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid. 2016;26(10):1343-1421.
130. MedlinePlus. Hyperthyroidism. Available athttps://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000356.htm. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
131. Mayo Clinic. Hashimoto's Disease: Diagnosis. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hashimotos-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351860. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
132. American College of Physicians. Clinical guideline, part 1: screening for thyroid disease. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129(2):141-143.
133. Ladenson PW, Singer PA, Ain KB, et al. American Thyroid Association guidelines for detection of thyroid dysfunction. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(11):1573-1575.
134. American Academy of Family Physicians. Summary of Recommendations for Clinical Preventive Services. Leawood, KS: American Academy of Family Physicians; 2011.
135. 135. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Thyroid Disease in Pregnancy. Technical Bulletin No. 37. Washington, DC: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; 2002.
136. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Thyroid Dysfunction: Screening. Available at https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/thyroid-dysfunction-screening. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
137. Bianco AC, Casula S. Thyroid hormone replacement therapy: three 'simple' questions, complex answers. Eur Thyroid J. 2012;1(2): 88-98.
138. Hak AE, Pols HA, Visser TJ, Drexhage HA, Hofman A, Witteman JC. Subclinical hypothyroidism is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction in elderly women: the Rotterdam study. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132(4):270-278.
139. Bindels AJ, Westendorp RG, Frölich M, Seidell JC, Blokstra A, Smelt AH. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism at different total plasma cholesterol levels in middle aged men and women: a need for case-finding? Clin Endocrinol. 1999;50(2):217-220.
141. McDermott MT, Ridgway EC. Subclinical hypothyroidism is mild thyroid failure and should be treated. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(10):4585-4590.
142. Danese MD, Ladenson PW, Meinert CL, Powe NR. Clinical review 115: effect of thyroxine therapy on serum lipoproteins in patients with mild thyroid failure; a quantitative review of the literature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(9):2993-3001.
143. Biondi B, Cooper DS. The clinical significance of subclinical thyroid dysfunction. Endocr Rev. 2008;29(1):76-131.
144. Hegedüs L. Treatment of Graves' hyperthyroidism: evidence-based and emerging modalities. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2009;38(2):355-371.
145. Peters H, Fischer C, Bogner U, Reiners C, Schleunsener H. Radioiodine therapy of Graves' hyperthyroidism: standard vs. calculated 131Iodine activity. Results from a prospective, randomized, multicentre study. Eur J Clin Invest. 1995;25(3):186-193.
146. Leslie WD, Ward L, Salamon EA, Ludwig S, Rowe RC, Cowden EA. A randomized comparison of radioiodine doses in Graves' hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(3):978-983.
147. Abraham P, Acharya S. Current and emerging treatment options for Graves' hyperthyroidism. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2010;6:29-40.
148. Allahabadia A, Daykin J, Sheppard MC, Gough SC, Franklyn JA. Radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism-prognostic factors for outcome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(8):3611-3617.
149. Alexander EK, Larsen PR. High dose of (131) I therapy for the treatment of hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(3):1073-1077.
150. Franklyn JA, Maisonneuve P, Sheppard M, Betteridge J, Boyle P. Cancer incidence and mortality after radioiodine treatment for hyperthyroidism: a population-based cohort study. Lancet. 1999;353(9170):2111-2115.
151. Metso S, Auvinen A, Huhtala H, Salmi J, Oksala H, Jaatinen P. Increased cancer incidence after radioiodine treatment for hyperthyroidism. Cancer. 2007;109(10):1972-1979.
153. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: New Boxed Warning on Severe Liver Injury with Propylthiouracil. Available athttps://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/fda-drug-safety-communication-new-boxed-warning-severe-liver-injury-propylthiouracil. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
154. Abraham P, Avenell A, McGeoch SC, Clark LF, Bevan JS. Antithyroid drug regimen for treating Graves' hyperthyroidism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(1):CD003420.
155. Hoang TD, Stocker DJ, Chou EL, Burch HB. 2022 update on clinical management of Graves' disease and thyroid eye disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2022;51(2):287-304.
156. 156. Sato S, Noh JY, Sato S, et al. Coparison of efficacy and adverse effects between methimazole 15 mg + inorganic iodine 38 mg/day and methimazole 30 mg/day as initial therapy for Graves' disease patients with moderate to severe hyperthyroidism. Thyroid. 2015;25(1):43-50.
157. Nakamura H, Noh JY, Itoh K, Fukata S, Miyauchi A, Hamada N. Comparison of methimazole and propylthiouracil in patients with hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(6):2157-2162.
158. Burch HB, Burman KD, Cooper DS. A 2011 survey of clinical practice patterns in the management of Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(12):4549-4558.
159. Stålberg P, Svensson A, Hessman O, Akerström G, Hellman P. Surgical treatment of Graves' disease: evidence-based approach. World J Surg. 2008;32(7):1229-1277.
160. Burrow GN. Thyroid function and hyperfunction during gestation. Endocr Rev. 1993;14(2):194-202.
161. 161. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves First Treatment for Thyroid Eye Disease. Available athttps://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-treatment-thyroid-eye-disease. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
163. Turesson C, O'Fallon WM, Crowson CS, Gabriel SE, Matteson EL. Extra-articular disease manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis: incidence trends and risk factors over 46 years. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62(8):722-727.
164. Young A, Koduri G. Extra-articular manifestations and complications of rheumatoid arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2007;21(5):907-927.
165. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Rheumatoid Arthritis. Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2009.
166. Goodson N, Marks J, Lunt M, Symmons D. Cardiovascular admissions and mortality in an inception cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis with onset in the 1980s and 1990s. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(11):1595-1601.
167. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of doctor-diagnosed arthritis and arthritis-attributable activity limitation—United States, 2013–2015. MMWR. 2017;66(9):246-253.
168. Myasoedova E, Crowson CS, Kremers HM, Therneau TM, Gabriel SE. Is the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis rising? Results from Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1955–2007. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(6):1576-1582.
169. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2015 State and National Summary Tables. Available athttps://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ahcd/namcs_summary/2015_namcs_web_tables.pdf. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
170. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Arthritis: Cost Statistics. Available athttps://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/data_statistics/cost.htm. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
171. Yelin E, Cisternas M, Foreman A, Pasta D, Murphy L, Helmick CG. National and state medical expenditures and lost earnings attributable to arthritis and other rheumatic conditions: United States, 2003. MMWR. 2007;56(1):4-7.
172. Lane SK, Gravel JW Jr. Clinical utility of common serum rheumatologic tests. Am Fam Physician. 2002;65(6):1073-1080.
173. Harris E. Clinical features of rheumatoid arthritis. In: Ruddy S, Harris ED, Sledge CB, Kelley WN (eds). Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2005: 1043-1078.
174. Horta-Baas G, Romero-Figueroa MS, Montiel-Jarquin AJ, et al. Intestinal dysbiosis and rheumatoid arthritis: a link between gut microbiota and the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.J Immunol Res. 2017;2017:4835189.
175. Zhang X, Zhang D, Jia H, et al. The oral and gut microbiomes are perturbed in rheumatoid arthritis and partially normalized after treatment.Nature Med. 2015;21:895-905.
176. Costenbader KH, Feskanich D, Mandl LA, Karlson EW. Smoking intensity, duration, and cessation, and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis in women. Am J Med. 2006;119(6):503.e1-e9.
177. Firestein GS. Etiology and pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. In: Ruddy S, Harris ED, Sledge CB, Kelley WN (eds). Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders; 2005: 996-1042.
178. Zhang X, Zhang X, Yang Y, et al. Association between passive smoking and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol. 2023;42(3):663-672.
179. Lee YC, Agnew-Blais J, Malspeis S, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder and risk for incident rheumatoid arthritis.Arthritis Care Res. 2016;68:292-298.
180. Dunlop DD, Lyons JS, Manheim LM, Song J, Chang RW. Arthritis and heart disease as risk factors for major depression: the role of functional limitation. Medical Care. 2004;42(6):502-511.
181. Edwards CJ, Goswami R, Goswami P, et al. Growth and infectious exposure during infancy and the risk of rheumatoid factor in adult life. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(3):401-404.
182. Icen M, Nicola PJ, Maradit-Kremers H, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus features in rheumatoid arthritis and their effect on overall mortality. J Rheumatol. 2009;36(1):50-57.
183. Lu H, Zhang J, Jiang Z, et al. Detection of genetic overlap between rheumatoid arthtitis and systemic lupus erythematosus using GWAS summary statistics. Front Genet. 2021;12:656545.
184. Wolfe F, Petri M, Alarcón GS, et al. Fibromyalgia, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and evaluation of SLE activity. J Rheumatol. 2009;36(1):82-88.
185. Rindfleisch JA, Muller D. Diagnosis and management of rheumatoid arthritis. Am Fam Physician. 2005;72(6):1037-1047.
186. Arnett FC, Edworthy SM, Bloch DA, et al. The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthrit Rheum. 1988;31(3):315-324.
187. Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ, et al. 2010 Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(9):1580-1588.
188. Nishimura K, Sugiyama D, Kogata Y, et al. Meta-analysis: diagnostic accuracy of anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibody and rheumatoid factor for rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(11):797-808.
189. Combe B, Landewé R, Daien CI, et al. 2016 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of early arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(6):948-959.
190. Sokka T, Pincus T. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, or rheumatoid factor are normal at presentation in 35%-45% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis seen between 1980 and 2004: analyses from Finland and the United States. J Rheumatol. 2009;36(7):1387-1390.
191. Suter LG, Fraenkel L, Braithwaite RS. The role of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res. 2011;63(5):675-688.
192. Akil M, Amos RS. ABC of rheumatology. Rheumatoid arthritis-I: clinical features and diagnosis. BMJ. 1995;310(6979):587-590.
193. Smolen JS, Landewé R, Bijilsma J, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2016 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;0:1-18.
194. Jurgens MS, Welsing PM, Jacobs JW. Overview and analysis of treat-to-target trials in rheumatoid arthritis reporting on remission. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2012;30(4 Suppl 73):S56-S63.
195. Singh JA, Saag KA, Bridges SL Jr, et al. 2015 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res. 2016;68(1):1-26.
196. Fraenkel L, Bathon JM, England BR, et al. 2021 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arhtritis. Arthritis Care Res. 2021;73(7):924-939.
197. Smolen JS, Landewé RBM, Bijlsma JWJ, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2019 update.Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79:685-699.
198. Smolen JS, Landewé RBM, Bergstra SA, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2022 update.Ann Rheum Dis. 2023;83:3-18.
199. van Eijk IC, Nielen MM, van der Horst-Bruinsma I, et al. Aggressive therapy in patients with early arthritis results in similar outcome compared with conventional care: the STREAM randomized trial. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2012;51(4):686-694.
200. Singh JA, Christensen R,Wells GA, et al. Biologics for rheumatoid arthritis: an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD007848.
201. Mertens M, Singh JA. Anakinra for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(1):CD005121.
202. The Rheumatologist. FDA Rheumatology Update: New Drug Approvals, Plus Expanded Drug Indications & Safety Concerns. Available athttps://www.the-rheumatologist.org/article/fda-rheumatology-update-new-drug-approvals-plus-expanded-drug-indications-safety-concerns. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
203. 203. The Rheumatologist. The FDA Approved Several New Rheumatology Drugs in 2017. Available athttps://www.the-rheumatologist.org/article/fda-approved-several-new-rheumatology-drugs-2017. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
204. The Rheumatologist. News Updates for Diclofenac Sodium, Denosumab & Sarilumab. Available athttps://www.the-rheumatologist.org/article/news-updates-diclofenac-sodium-denosumab-sarilumab. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
205. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves Xeljanz for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Available athttps://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20161022200148/http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm327152.htm. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
206. American College of Rheumatology. Medication Guides: Tocilizumab (Actemra). Available at https://rheumatology.org/medication-guides. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
207. Fraenkel L, Bathon JM, England BR, et al. 2021 American College of rheumatology guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis CareRes. 2021;73(7):924-939.
208. LexiComp Online. Available athttps://online.lexi.com. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
209. Kaufman MB. First Biosimilar to Adalimumab (Humira) Enters the U.S. Market After Years of Legal Battles. Available at https://www.the-rheumatologist.org/article/first-biosimilar-to-adalimumab-enters-the-u-s-market-after-years-of-legal-battles/. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
210. Kaufman MB, FDA Approves Riabni, a Rituxumab Biosimilar, to Treat Patients with RA. Available at https://www.the-rheumatologist.org/article/fda-approves-riabni-a-rituxumab-biosimilar-to-treat-patients-with-ra/. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
211. Kaufman MB. FDA Approves First Interchangeable Biosimilar to Adalimumab, Plus a Combination Drug Approved. Available at https://www.the-rheumatologist.org/article/fda-approves-first-interchangeable-biosimilar-to-adalimumab-plus-a-combination-drug-approved/. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
212. 212. Cohen S, Cannon GW, Schiff M, et al. Two-year, blinded, randomized, controlled trial of treatment of active rheumatoid arthritis with leflunomide compared with methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44(9):1984-1992.
213. Singer O, Gibofsky A. Methotrexate versus leflunomide in rheumatoid arthritis: what is new in 2011? Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2011;23(3):288-292.
214. Hazlewood GS, Barnabe C, Tomlinson G, Marshall D, Devoe D, Bombardier C. Methotrexate monotherapy and methotrexate combination therapy with traditional and biologic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs for rheumatoid arthritis: abridged Cochrane systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2016;353:i1777.
215. Rostom A, Dube C, Wells G, et al. Prevention of NSAID-induced gastroduodenal ulcers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(4):CD002296.
216. Chen YF, Jobanputra P, Barton P, et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (etodolac, meloxicam, celecoxib, rofecoxib, etoricoxib, valdecoxib and lumiracoxib) for osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2008;12(11):1-278.
217. 217. Chan FK, Lanas A, Scheiman J, Berger MF, Nguyen H, Goldstein JL. Celecoxib versus omeprazole and diclofenac in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis (CONDOR): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9736):173-179.
218. Kirwan JR, Bijisma JW, Boers M, Shea BJ. Effects of glucocorticoids on radiological progression in rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD006356.
219. Hsiao AF, Wong MD, Goldstein MS, et al. Variation in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use across racial/ethnic groups and the development of ethnic-specific measures of CAM use. J Altern Complement Med. 2006;12(3):281-290.
220. Kronenberg F, Cushman LF, Wade CM, Kalmuss D, Chao MT. Race/ethnicity and women's use of complementary and alternative medicine in the United States: results of a national survey. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(7):1236-1242.
221. Cameron M, Gagnier JJ, Little CV, Parsons TJ, Blumle A, Chrubasik S. Evidence of effectiveness of herbal medicinal products in the treatment of arthritis. Part 2: rheumatoid arthritis. Phytother Res. 2009;23(12):1647-1662.
222. 222. Christie A, Jamtvedt G, Dahm KT,Moe RH, Haavardsholm EA, Hagen KB. Effectiveness of nonpharmacological and nonsurgical interventions for patients with rheumatoid arthritis: an overview of systematic reviews. Phys Ther. 2007;87(12):1697-1715.
223. National Institutes of Health. Arthritis. Available at https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/arthritis. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
224. National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Adults. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2009.
225. Szarc Vel Szic K, Ndlovu MN, Haegeman G, Vanden Berghe W. Nature or nurture: let food be your epigenetic medicine in chronic inflammatory disorders. Biochem Pharmacol. 2010;80(12):1816-1832.
226. Skiba MB, Hopkins LL, Hopkins AL, Billheimer D, Funk JL. Nonvitamin, nonmineral dietary supplement use in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis. J Nutr. 2020;150(9):2451-2459.
227. James M, Proudman S, Cleland L. Fish oil and rheumatoid arthritis: past, present and future. Proc Nutr Soc. 2010;69(3):316-323.
228. Ierna M, Kerr A, Scales H, Berge K, Griinari M. Supplementation of diet with krill oil protects against experimental rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2010;11:136.
229. Watson PD, Joy PS, Nkonde C, Hessen SE, Karalis DG. Comparison of bleeding complications with omega-3 fatty acids + aspirin + clopidogrel versus aspirin + clopidogrel in patients with cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104(8):1052-1054.
230. Hurksman E, van der Glesen FJ, Vliet Vlieland TP, Schoones J, Van den Ende EC. Dynamic exercise programs (aerobic capacity and/or muscle strength training) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(4):CD06853.
231. Ozcelep OF, Ustun I, Algun ZC. Effect of task-oriented training on pain, functionality, and quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis. Turk J Phys Med Rehabil. 2022;68(1):76-83.
232. Simmen BR, Bogoch ER, Goldhahn J. Surgery insight: orthpedic treatment options in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2008;4(5):266-273.
233. Mierau M, Schoels M, Gonda G, Fuchs J, Aletaha D, Smolen JS. Assessing remission in clinical practice. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46(6):975-979.
234. Meyer KC, Decker C, Baughman R. Toxicity and monitoring of immunosuppressive therapy used in systemic autoimmune diseases. Clin Chest Med. 2010;31(3):565-588.
235. Marmor MF, Kelner U, Lai TY, et al. Revised recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(2):415-422.
236. Sivaraj RR, Durrani OM, Denniston AK, Murray PI, Gordon C. Ocular manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology. 2007;46(12):1757-1762.
237. Marmor MF, Kellner U, Lai TYY, et al. Recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy (2016 revision). Ophthalmology. 2016;123(6):1386-1394.
238. 238. American College of Rheumatology. 2022 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Prevention and Treatment of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis: Guideline Summary. Available at https://assets.contentstack.io/v3/assets/bltee37abb6b278ab2c/blt8c68fa62e5f70069/giop-guideline-summary-2022.pdf. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
239. Fracture Risk Assessment Tool. Welcome to FRAX. Available at https://frax.shef.ac.uk/FRAX/. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
240. Wolfe F, Michaud K, Li T, Katz RS. Chronic conditions and health problems in rheumatic diseases: comparisons with rheumatoid arthritis, noninflammatory rheumatic disorders, systemic lupus erythematosus, and fibromyalgia. J Rheumatol. 2010;37(2):305-315.
241. Gabriel SE, Crowson CS, Kremers HM, et al. Survival in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based analysis of trends over 40 years. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(1):54-58.
242. Young A, Koduri G, Batley M, et al. Mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. Increased in the early course of disease, in ischaemic heart disease and in pulmonary fibrosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46(2):350-357.
243. Gabriel SE, Michaud K. Epidemiological studies in incidence, prevalence, mortality, and comorbidity of the rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11(3):229.
244. 244. Gonzalez A, Maradit Kremers H, Crowson CS, et al. The widening mortality gap between rheumatoid arthritis patients and the general population. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(11):3583-3587.
245. Almutairi KB, Inderjeeth CA, Preen DB, Keen HI, Nossent JC. Mortality trends amont patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Western Australia. Rheumatol Ther. 2023;10(4):1021-1037.
246. Aviña-Zubieta JA, Choi HK, Sadatsafavi M, Etminan M, Esdaile JM, Lacaille D. Risk of cardiovascular mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;59(12):1690-1697.
247. Kremers HM, Crowson CS, Therneau TM, Rogers VL, Gabriel SE. High ten-year risk of cardiovascular disease in newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis patients: a population-based cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(8):2268-2274.
248. Maradit-Kremers H, Crowson CS, Nicola PJ, et al. Increased unrecognized coronary heart disease and sudden deaths in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(2):402-411.
249. 249. Solomon DH, Karlson EW, Rimm EB, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in women diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. Circulation. 2003;107(9):1303-1307.
250. Turesson C, Matteson EL. Cardiovascular risk factors, fitness and physical activity in rheumatic diseases. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2007;19(2):190-196.
251. Westlake SL, Colebatch AN, Baird J, et al. The effect of methotrexate on cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review. Rheumatology. 2010;49(2):295-307.
252. England BR, Thiele GM, Anderson DR, Mikuls TR. Increased cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis: mechanisms and implications. BMJ. 2018;23:361.
253. Kaplan MJ. Cardiovascular disease in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2006;18(3):289-297.
254. 254. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Lupus: A Patient Care Guide for Nurses and Other Health Care Professionals. 3rd ed. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health; 2006.
255. Drenkard C, Bao G, Dennis G, et al. Burden of systemic lupus erythematosus on employment and work productivity: data from a large cohort in the southeastern United States. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2014;66(6):878-887.
256. Yelin E, Trupin L, Katz P, et al. Work dynamics among persons with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57(1):56-63.
257. Lim SS, Bayakly AR, Helmick CG, et al. The incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus, 2002–2004: the Georgia Lupus Registry. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(2):357-368.
258. Somers EC, Marder W, Cagnoli P, et al. Population-based incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus: the Michigan Lupus Epidemiology and Surveillance program. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(2):369-378.
259. 259. Rees F, Doherty M, Grainge M, et al. The worldwide incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review of epidemiologic studies. Rheumatology. 2017;56:1945-1961.
260. Feldman CH, Hiraki LT, Liu J, et al. Epidemiology and sociodemographics of systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis among U.S. adults with Medicaid coverage, 2000–2004. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2013;65(3):753-763.
261. Arnaud L, Mathian A, Boddaert J, Amoura Z. Late-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Drugs Aging. 2012;29(3):181-189.
262. Connelly K, Morand EF, Hoi AY. Asian ethnicity in systemic lupus erythematosus: an Australian perspective. Intern Med J. 2013;43(6):618-624.
263. Ferucci ED, Johnston JM, Gaddy JR, et al. Prevalence and incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus in a population-based registry of American Indian and Alaska Native people, 2007–2009. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(9):2494-2502.
264. 264. Manfredo VS, Hiltensoerger M, Kumar V, et al. Translocation of a gut pathobiont drives autoimmunity in mice and humans.Science. 2018;359:1156-1161.
265. Rosembaum JT, Silverman GJ. The microbiome and systemic lupus erythematosus.N Engl J Med.2018;378:2236-2237.
266. Ekblom-Kullberg S, Kautiainen H, Alha P, Leirisalo-Repo M, Julkunen H. Smoking and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol. 2013;32(8):1219-1222.
267. Takvorian SU, Merola JF, Costenbader KH. Cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2014;23(6):537-544.
268. Bourré-Tessier J, Peschken CA, Bernatsky S, et al. Association of smoking with cutaneous manifestations in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013;65(8):1275-1280.
269. 269. Costenbader KH, Kim DJ, Peerzada J, et al. Cigarette smoking and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(3):849-857.
270. McMurray RW, May W. Sex hormones and systemic lupus erythematosus: review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(8):2100-2110.
271. Lateef A, Petri M. Hormone replacement and contraceptive therapy in autoimmune diseases. J Autoimmunity. 2012;38(2-3): J170-J176.
272. Rojas-Villarraga A, Toro CE, Espinosa G, et al. Factors influencing polyautoimmunity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev. 2010;9(4):229-232.
273. Antonelli A, Fallahi P, Mosca M, et al. Prevalence of thyroid dysfunctions in systemic lupus erythematosus. Metabolism. 2010;59(6):896-900.
274. 274. Valencia-Flores M, Cardiel MH, Santiago V, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with fibromyalgia in Mexican patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2004;13(1):4-10.
275. Porter RS, Jones TV, Kaplan JL, Berkwits M (eds). The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. 19th ed. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories; 2011.
276. Aringer M, Costenbader K, Daikh D. 2019 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus.Arthritis Rheum. 2019;71(9):1400-1412.
277. Hochberg M. Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus [letter]. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40:1725.
278. Solomon DH, Kavanaugh AJ, Schur PH; American College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Immunologic Testing Guidelines. Evidence-based guidelines for the use of immunologic tests: antinuclear antibody testing. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;47(4):434-444.
279. 279. Solomon DH, Kavanaugh AJ, Schur PH, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for the use of immunologic tests: antinuclear antibody testing. Arthrit Rheum. 2002;47(4):434-444.
280. Popescu A, Kao AH. Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2011;9(3):449-457.
281. Hanly JG, Su L, Farewell V, McCurdy G, Fougere L, Thompson K. Prospective study of neuropsychiatric events in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2009;36(7):1449-1459.
282. Bertsias GK, Ioannidis JPA, Aringer M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus with neuropsychiatric manifestations: report of a task force of the EULAR standing committee for clinical affairs. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(12):2074-2082.
283. Harboe E, Tjensvoll AB, Maroni S, et al. Neuropsychiatric syndromes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and primary Sjögren syndrome: a comparative population-based study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(10):1541-1546.
284. 284. Yazdany J, Panopalis P, Gillis JZ, et al. A quality indicator set for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61(3):370-377.
285. Hahn BH, McMahon MA, Wilkinson A, et al. American College of Rheumatology guidelines for screening, treatment, and management of lupus nephritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64(6):797-808.
286. Mongey AB, Hess EV. The role of environment in systemic lupus erythematosus and associated disorders. In: Wallace DJ, Hahn BH (eds). Dubois' Lupus Erythematosus. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2002: 33-64
287. Hahn B. Systemic lupus erythematosus. In: Kasper D, Braunwald E, Fauci A, et al. (eds). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011: 2724-2735.
289. 289. Pillemer SR, Matteson EL, Jacobsson LT, et al. Incidence of physician-diagnosed primary Sjögren syndrome in residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001;76(6):593-599.
290. Bertsias G, Ioannidis JP, Boletis J, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus: report of a task force of the EULAR Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutics. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67(2):195-205.
291. Fanouriakis A, Kostopoulou M, Alunno, et al. 2019 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus.Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78:736-745.
292. Dooley MA, Ginzler EM. Newer therapeutic approaches for systemic lupus erythematosus: immunosuppressive agents. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2006;32(1):91-102.
293. Knott HM, Martinez JD. Innovative management of lupus erythematosus. Dermatol Clin. 2010;28(3):489-499.
294. 294. Sugai DY, Gustafson CJ, De Luca JF, et al. Trends in the outpatient medication management of lupus erythematosus in the United States. J Drugs Dermatol. 2014;13(5):545-552.
295. Bartels CM, Garg S. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Treatment and Management. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332244-treatment. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
296. Pons-Estel GJ, Alarcón GS, McGwin G Jr, et al. Protective effect of hydroxychloroquine on renal damage in patients with lupus nephritis: LXV, data from a multiethnic US cohort. Arthrit Rheum. 2009;61(6):830-839.
297. Akhavan PS, Su J, Lou W, Gladman DD, Urowitz MB, Fortin PR. The early protective effect of hydroxychloroquine on the risk of cumulative damage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2013;40(6):831-841.
298. Almeida-Brasil CC, Hanly JG, Urowitz M, et al. Flares after hydroxychloroquine reduction or discontinuation: results from the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) inception cohort. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022;81(3):370-378.
299. Petri M, Konig MF, Li J, Goldman DW. Association of higher hydroxychloroquine blood levels with reduced thrombosis risk in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021;73(6):997-1004.
300. Fasano S, Pierro L, Pantano I, Ludici M, Valentini G. Longterm hydroxychloroquine therapy and low-dose aspirin may have an additive effectiveness in the primary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2017;44(7):1032-1038.
301. Schmajuk G, Yazdany J, Trupin L, Yelin E. Hydroxychloroquine treatment in a community-based cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res. 2010;62(3):386-392.
302. Fairley JL, Oon S, Saracino AM, Nikpour M. Management of cutaneous manifestations of lupus erythematosus: a systematic review. Semin Arrthritis Rheum. 2020;50(1):95-127.
303. Fu Q, Wu C, Dai M, et al. Leflunomide versus azathipriine for maintenance therapy of lupus nephritis: a prospective, multicentre, randomised trial and long-term follow-up. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022;81(11):1549-1555.
304. Tanaka Y. State-of-the-art treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Int J Rheum Dis. 2020;23(4):465-471.
305. Kim SS, Kirou KA, Erkan D. Belimumab in systemic lupus erythematosus: an update for clinicians. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2012;3(1):11-23.
306. Ding HJ, Gordon C. New biologic therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2013;13(3):405-412.
307. Chaichian Y, Utset TO. Targeted therapies in systemic lupus erythematosus: a state-of-the-art review. J Clin Cell Immunol. 2013;06:009.
308. Rodriguez-Garcia V, Dias SS, Isenberg D. Recent advances in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Int J Clin Rheumtol. 2014;9(1):89-100.
309. Morand EF, Tanaka Y, Bruce IN, et al. Trial of anifrolumab in active systemic lupus erythematosus.N Engl J Med. 2020;382:211-221.
310. Lupus Foundation of America. Lupus Foundation of America Celebrates FDA Approval of Saphnelo (Anfrolumab-fnia) as a New Treatment for Lupus. Available at https://www.lupus.org/news/fda-approval-of-saphnelo-anifrolumabfnia-new-treatment-lupus. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
311. Balsamo S, Santos-Neto LD. Fatigue in systemic lupus erythematosus: an association with reduced physical fitness. Autoimmun Rev. 2011;10(9):514-518.
312. dos Reis-Neto ET, da Silva AE, Monteiro CM, de Camargo LM, Sato EI. Supervised physical exercise improves endothelial function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013;52(12):2187-2195.
314. Strömbeck B, Jacobsson LT. The role of exercise in the rehabilitation of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and patients with primary Sjögren syndrome. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2007;19(2):197-203.
315. 315. Carvalho MR, Sato EI, Tebexreni AS, Heidecher RT, Schenkman S, Neto TL. Effects of supervised cardiovascular training program on exercise tolerance, aerobic capacity, and quality of life in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthrit Rheum. 2005;53(6):838-844.
316. Greco CM, Nakajima C, Manzi S. Updated review of complementary and alternative medicine treatments for systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2013;15(11):378.
317. Zhang J, Wei W, Wang CM. Effects of psychological interventions for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lupus. 2012;21(10):1077-1087.
318. Mosca M, Tani C, Aringer M, et al. European League Against Rheumatism recommendations for monitoring patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in clinical practice and in observational studies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(7):1269-1274.
319. Feldman CH, Costenbader KH, Solomon DH, Subramanian SV, Kawachi I. Area-level predictors of medication nonadherence among US Medicaid beneficiaries with lupus: a multilevel study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2019;71(7):903-913.
320. 320. Petri M. Drug monitoring in systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2022;64:102225.
321. Garg S, Unnithan R, Hansen KE, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Bartels CM. Clinical significan of monitoring hydroxychloroquine levels in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021;73(5):707-716.
322. Ward MM, Marx AS, Barry NN. Comparison of the validity and sensitivity to change of 5 activity indices in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2000;27(3):664-670.
323. Griffiths B, Mosca M, Gordon C. Assessment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and the use of lupus disease activity indices. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2005;19(5):685-708.
324. Ruperto N, Hanrahan LM, Alarcón GS, et al. International consensus for a definition of a disease flare in lupus. Lupus. 2011;20(5): 453-462.
325. 325. Kamen DL. How can we reduce the risk of serious infection for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11(5):129.
326. Ramos-Casals M, Cuadrado MJ, Alba P. Acute viral infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: description of 23 cases and review of the literature. Medicine. 2008;87(6):311-318.
327. Ruiz-Irastorza G, Olivares N, Ruiz-Arruza I, Martinez-Berriotxoa A, Egurbide MV, Aguirre C. Predictors of major infections in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther. 2009;11(4):R109.
328. Scalzi LV, Hollenbeak CS, Wang L. Racial disparities in age at time of cardiovascular events and cardiovascular-related death in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(9):2767-2775.
329. Krishnan E, Hubert HB. Ethnicity and mortality from systemic lupus erythematosus in the US. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(11):1500-1505.
330. 330. Apor E, O'Brien J, Stephen MM, Castillo JJ. Lupus increases the incidence ratio of hematologic malignancies: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Blood. 2013;122(21).
331. Ni J, Qiu LJ, Hu LF, et al. Lung, liver, prostate, bladder malignancies risk in systemic lupus erythematosus: evidence from a meta-analysis. Lupus. 2014;23(3):284-292.
332. Zintzaras E, Voulgarelis M, Moutsopoulos HM. The risk of lymphoma development in autoimmune diseases: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(20):2337-2344.
333. Dreyer L, Faurschou M, Mogensen M, Jacobsen S. High incidence of potentially virus-induced malignancies in systemic lupus erythematosus: a long-term followup study in a Danish cohort. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(10,):3032-3037.
334. Santana IU, Gomes Ado N, Lyrio LD, Rios Grassi MF, Santiago MB. Systemic lupus erythematosus, human papillomavirus infection, cervical pre-malignant and malignant lesions: a systematic review. Clin Rheumatol. 2011;30(5):665-672.
335. 335. Bernatsky S, Ramsey-Goldman R, Foulkes WD, Gordon C, Clarke AE. Breast, ovarian, and endometrial malignancies in systemic lupus erythematosus: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 2011;104(9):1478-1481.
336. Al Dhanhani AM, Gignac MA, Beaton DE, Su J, Fortin PR. Work factors are associated with workplace activity limitations in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2014;53(11):2044-2052.
337. Merola J, Bermas B, Lu B, et al. Clinical manifestations and survival among adults with SLE according to age at diagnosis. Lupus. 2014;23(8):778-784.
338. Mak A, Cheung MW, Chiew HJ, Liu Y, Ho RC. Global trend of survival and damage of systemic lupus erythematosus: meta-analysis and meta-regression of observational studies from the 1950s to 2000s. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2012;41(6):830-839.
339. Hervier B, Devilliers H, Amiour F, et al. Assessment of patient needs to design a patient education program in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rev Med Interne. 2014;35(5):297-302.
340. 340. Stichman J, Keniston A, Zell J, Yazdany J, Quinzanos I, Hirsh JM. Non-white race, younger age, and use of primary and gynecologic care are associated with higher rates of cervical cancer screening in systemic lupus erythematosus patients at a public hospital. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(Suppl).
342. Carsons SE, Patel BC. Sjogren Syndrome. Available athttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431049. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
343. Sánchez-Guerrero J, Pérez-Dosal MR, Cárdenas-Velázquez F, et al. Prevalence of Sjögren syndrome in ambulatory patients according to the American-European Consensus Group criteria. Rheumatology. 2005;44(2):235-240.
344. García-Carrasco M, Ramos-Casals M, Rosas J, et al. Primary Sjögren syndrome: clinical and immunologic disease patterns in a cohort of 400 patients. Medicine. 2002;81(4):270-280.
345. Al-Hashimi I, Khuder S, Haghighat N, Zipp M. Frequency and predictive value of the clinical manifestations in Sjögren syndrome. J Oral Pathol Med. 2001;30(1):1-6.
346. Mellgren SI, Göransson LG, Omdal R. Primary Sjögren syndrome associated neuropathy. Can J Neurol Sci. 2007;34(3):280-287.
347. Shibosk CH, Shiboski SC, Seror R, et al. 2016 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria for primary Sjögren's syndrome: a consensus and data-driven methodology involving three international patient cohorts.Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(1):35-45.
348. Kruszka P, O'Brian RJ. Diagnosis and management of Sjögren syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 2009;79(6):465-470.
349. Vivino F, Katz WA. Sjögren syndrome: clinical picture and diagnostic tests. J Musc Med. 1995;12(3):40-52.
350. Whitcher JP, Shiboski CH, Shiboski SC, et al. A simplified quantitative method for assessing keratoconjunctivitis sicca from the Sjögren's Syndrome International Registry. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;149(3):405-415.
351. Daniels TE, Cox D, Shiboski CH, et al. Associations between salivary gland histopathologic diagnoses and phenotypic features of Sjögren's syndrome among 1,726 registry participants. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(7):2021-2030.
352. Beckman KA, Luchs J, Milner MS, Ambrus JL Jr. The potential role for early biomarker testing as part of a modern, multidisciplinary approach to Sjögren syndrome diagnosis. Adv Ther. 2017;34(4):799-812.
353. Karakus S, Baer AN, Agrawal D, Gurakar M, Massof RW, Akpek EK. Utility of novel autoantibodies in the diagnosis of Sjögren syndrome among patients with dry eye. Cornea. 2018;37(4):405-411.
354. Vivino FB, Carsons SE, Foulks G, et al. New treatment guidelines for Sjögren's disease.Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2016;42(3):531-551.
355. Ramos-Casals M, Tzioufas AG, Stone JH, Sisó A, Bosch X. Treatment of primary Sjögren syndrome: a systematic review. JAMA. 2010;304(4):452-460.
356. American Academy of Ophthalmology Cornea/External Disease Panel Preferred Practice Patterns Committee. Dry Eye Syndrome. San Francisco, CA: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2008.
357. Moawad P, Shamma R, Hassanein D, Ragab G, Zawahry OE. Evaluation of the effect of topical tacrolimus 0.03% versus cyclosporine 0.05% in the treatment of dry eye secondary to Sjögren syndrome. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2022;32(1):673-679.
358. Seror R, Bowman SJ, Brito-Zeron P, et al. EULAR Sjögren syndrome disease activity index (ESSDAI): a user guide. RMD Open. 2015;1:e000022.
359. Seror R, Mariette X, Bowman S, et al. Accurate detection of changes in disease activity in primary Sjogren's syndrome by the European League Against Rheumatism Sjogren's Syndrome Disease Activity Index. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010;62:551-558.
360. Seror R, Theander E, Brun JG, et al; on behalf of the EULAR Sjögren's Task Force. Validation of EULAR primary Sjogren's syndrome disease activity (ESSDAI) and patient indexes (ESSPRI). Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(5):859-866.
361. Huang H, Xie W, Geng Y, Fan Y, Zhang Z. Mortality in patients with primary Sjögren syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;60(9):4029-4038.
362. Sjogren's Advocate. Sjogren's and Mortality. Available at https://www.sjogrensadvocate.com/mortality. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
363. Walsh N. Disease Activity Predicts Death in Sjogren's. Available at https://www.medpagetoday.com/rheumatology/generalrheumatology/48894. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
364. Brito-Zerón P, Flores-Chávez A, Horváth IF, et al. Mortality Risk Factors in Primary Sjögren Syndrome: A Real-World, Retrospective, Cohort Study. Available at https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(23)00239-0/fulltext#secsectitle0010. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
365. Ship JA. Diagnosing, managing, and preventing salivary gland disorders. Oral Dis. 2002;8(2):77-89.
366. Fasano A, Berti I, Gerarduzzi T, et al. Prevalence of celiac disease in at-risk and not-at-risk groups in the United States: a large multicenter study. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(3):286-292.
367. 367. Kim H, Patel KG, Orosz E, et al. Time trends in the prevalence of celiac disease and gluten-free diet in the US population: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2009–2014.JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(11):1716-1717.
368. Dewar DH, Ciclitira PJ. Clinical features and diagnosis of celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2005;128(4 Suppl 1):S19-S24.
369. Rubio-Tapia A, Kyle RA, Kaplan EL, et al. Increased prevalence and mortality in undiagnosed celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2009;137(1):88-93.
370. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Celiac Disease. Available athttps://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/celiac-disease. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
371. Rubio-Tapia A, Ludvigsson JF, Brantner TL, Murray JA, Everhart JE. The prevalence of celiac disease in the United States. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(10):1538-1544.
372. Mearns ES, Taylor A, Boulanger T, et al. Systematic literature review of the economic burden of celiac disease. Pharmacoeconomics. 2019;37(1):45-61.
373. Lee AR, Wolf RL, Lebwohl B, et al. Persistent economic burden of the Gluten free diet. Nutrients. 2019;11(2):399.
374. MedlinePlus. Celiac Disease. Available at https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/celiac-disease/#top. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
375. Hernandez L, Green PH. Extraintestinal manifestations of celiac disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2006;8(5):383-389.
377. Merck Manual for the Professional. Available athttps://www.merckmanuals.com/professional. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
378. Rubio-Tapia A, Hill ID, Semrad C, et al. American College of Gastroenterology guidelines update: diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023;118(1):59-76.
379. Hill PG, Holmes GK. Coeliac disease: a biopsy is not always necessary for diagnosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;27(7):572-577.
380. Catassi C, Fasano A. Celiac disease diagnosis: simple rules are better than complicated algorithms. Am J Med. 2010;123(8):691-693.
381. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Celiac Disease Guideline, 2021. Available at https://www.andeal.org/topic.cfm?menu=5279&cat=5988. Last accessed July 25, 2023.
382. Collin P, Reunala T. Recognition and management of the cutaneous manifestations of celiac disease: a guide for dermatologists. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2003;4(1):13-20.
383. Nelsen D Jr. Gluten-sensitive enteropathy (celiac disease): more common than you think. Am Fam Physician. 2002;66(12):2259-2266.
384. 384. American Gastrological Association Institute. AGA Institute medical position statement on the diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2006;131(6):1977-1980.
385. Freeman HJ. Lymphoproliferative and intestinal malignancies in 214 patients with biopsy-defined celiac disease. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;38(5):429-434.
386. Catassi C, Bearzi I, Holmes GK. Association of celiac disease and intestinal lymphomas and other cancers. Gastroenterology. 2005; 128(4 Suppl 1):S79-S86.
387. Lebwohl B, Stavsky E, Neugut AI, Green PH. Risk of colorectal adenomas in patients with coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;32(8):1037-1043.
1. The Endocrine Society. Management of Thyroid Dysfunction During Pregnancy and Postpartum: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Chevy Chase, MD: The Endocrine Society; 2012. Available at https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/97/8/2543/2823170. Last accessed July 27, 2023.
2. Fraenkel L, Bathon JM, England BR, et al. 2021 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care and Research. 2021;73(7):924-939. Available at https://assets.contentstack.io/v3/assets/bltee37abb6b278ab2c/blt9e44ccb701e1918c/63360f6775c0be225b8d943a/ra-guideline-2021.pdf. Last accessed July 27, 2023.
3. Hahn BH, McMahon MA, Wilkinson A, et al. American College of Rheumatology guidelines for screening, treatment, and management of lupus nephritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64(6):797-808. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3437757. Last accessed July 27, 2023.
4. Rubio-Tapia A, Hill ID, Semrad C, Kelly CP, Greer KB, Limketkai BN. American College of Gastroenterology guidelines update: diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023;118(1):59-76. Available at https://journals.lww.com/ajg/fulltext/2023/01000/american_college_of_gastroenterology_guidelines.17.aspx. Last accessed July 27, 2023.
Mention of commercial products does not indicate endorsement.