Works Cited

Shyness: Causes and Impact

Course #76384 - $18 -

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.

1. Colonnesi C, Nikolic M, De Vente W, Bogels SM. Social anxiety symptoms in young children: investigating the interplay of theory of mind and expressions of shyness. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 2017;45:997-1011.

2. Klamer S, Schwarz L, Kruger O, et al. Association between neuroticism and emotional face processing. Scientific Reports. 2017;7(1):1-8.

3. Theall-Honey LA, Schmidt LA. Do temperamentally shy children process emotion differently than nonshy children? Behavioral, psychophysiological, and gender differences in reticent preschoolers. Dev Psychbiol. 2006;48(3):187-196.

4. Rickman MD, Davidson RJ. Personality and behavior in parents of temperamentally inhibited and uninhibited children. Dev Psychol. 1994;30(3):346-354.

5. Scaini S, Caputi M, Ogilari A, Oppo A. The relationship among attributional style, mentalization, and five anxiety phenotypes in school-age children. Journal of Research in Childhood Education. 2019;34(4):1-15.

6. Manning P, Ray G. Shyness, self-confidence, and social interaction. Soc Psychol Q. 1993;56(3):178-192.

7. Coplan RJ, Baldwin D, Wood KR. Shy but getting by: protective factors in the links between childhood shyness and socio-emotional functioning. In: Schmidt LA, Poole KL (eds). Adaptive Shyness. Geneva: Springer Nature; 2020: 63-87.

8. Srivastava S, John OP, Gosling SD, Potter J. Development of personality in early and middle adulthood: set like plaster or persistent change? J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003;84(5):1041-1053.

9. Ciocanel O, Power K, Eriken A, Gillings K. Effectiveness of positive youth development interventions: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2017;46(3):483-504.

10. Haltigan JD, Roisman GI, Groh AM, et al. Antecedents of attachment states of mind in normative-risk and high-risk caregiving: cross-race and cross-sex generalizability in two longitudinal studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2019;60(12): 1309-1322.

11. Langhinrichsen-Rohling J, Thompson K, Selwyn C, Finnegan H, Misra T. Maladaptive schemas mediate poor parental attachment and suicidality in college students. Death Stud. 2017;41(6):337-344.

12. Van Eldik WM, de Haan AD, Parry LQ, et al. The interparental relationship: meta-analytic associations with children's maladjustment and responses to interparental conflict. Psychological Bulletin. 2020;146(7):553-595.

13. Bruch MA, Heimberg RG. Differences in perceptions of parental and personal characteristics between generalized and non-generalized social phobics. J Anxiety Disord. 1994;8(2):155-168.

14. Shuang B, Haak EA, Gilbert LR, Sheikh ML, Keller PS. Father attachment, father emotion expression and children's attachment to fathers: the role of marital conflict. J Fam Psychol. 2018;32(4):456-465.

15. Thompson RA. Early attachment and later development: reframing the questions. In: Cassidy J, Shaver PR (eds). Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2018: 330-348.

16. Rice KG, Cunningham TJ, Young MB, Mitchell B. Attachment to parents, social competence, and emotional well-being: a comparison of black and white late adolescents. J Couns Psychol. 1997;44(1):89-101.

17. Simply Psychology. Mary Ainsworth: The Strange Situation. Available at https://www.simplypsychology.org/mary-ainsworth.html. Last accessed January 1, 2024.

18. Sette S, Hipson WE, Zava F, Baumgartner E, Coplan RJ. Linking shyness with social and school adjustment in early childhood: the moderating role of inhibitory control. Early Education and Development. 2018;29(5):675-690.

19. Simpson JA, Collins WA, Tran S, Haydon KC. Attachment and the experience and expression of emotions in romantic relationships: a developmental perspective. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2007;92(2):355-367.

20. Erikson EH. Childhood and Society. 2nd ed. New York, NY: WW Norton and Company; 1963.

21. Taber-Thomas SM. Children's Reports of Deficient Parenting and the Prediction of Concurrent and Disruptive Behavior Problems. PhD Dissertation. Des Moines, IA: University of Iowa; 2013.

22. Bleys D, Soenes B, Claes S, Villegen N, Luyten P. Parental psychological control, adolescent self-criticism, and adolescent depressive symptoms: a latent change modeling approach in Belgian adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2018;74(10):1833-1853.

23. American Psychological Association. Painful Shyness in Children and Adults. Available at https://www.apa.org/topics/painful-shyness. Last accessed January 1, 2024.

24. Shell MD, Absher TN. Effects of shyness and friendship on socioemotional adjustment during the college transition. Personal Relationships. 2019;26(3):386-405.

25. Crowe LM, Beauchamp MH, Catroppa C, Anderson V. Social function assessment tools for children and adolescents: a systematic review from 1988 to 2010. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31(5):767-785.

26. Demir-Dagdas T, Isik-Ercan Z, Intepe-Tingir S, Cava-Tadik Y. Parental divorce and children from diverse backgrounds: multidisciplinary perspectives on mental health, parent-child relationships, and educational experiences. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage. 2017;59(6):469-485.

27. Russell D. The Causal Dimension Scale: a measure of how individuals perceive causes. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1982;429(6):1137-1145.

28. McAuley E, Duncan TE, Russell D. Measuring causal attributions: the Revised Causal Dimension Scale (CDSII). Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 1992;18(5):566-573.

29. Teglasi H, Hoffman MA. Causal attributions of shy subjects. J Res Pers. 1982;16(3):376-385.

30. Harwood EM, Kocovski NL. Self-compassion induction reduces anticipatory anxiety among socially anxious students. Mindfulness. 2017;8(6):1544-1551.

31. Selfhout M, Burk W, Branje S, Denissen J, van Aken M, Meeus W. Emerging late adolescent friendship networks and big five personality traits: a social network approach. Journal of Personality. 2010;78(2):509-538.

32. Beer JS. Implicit self-theories of shyness. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2002;83(4):1009-1024.

33. Chorot P, Valiente RM, Magaz AM, Santed MA, Sandin B. Perceived parental child rearing and attachment as predictors of anxiety and depressive disorder symptoms in children: the mediational role of attachment. Psychiatry Research. 2017;253:287-295.

34. Tacket JL, Lahey BB. Neuroticism. In: Widiger TA (ed). Oxford Library of Psychology: The Oxford Handbook of the Five Factor Model. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2017: 39-56.

35. Yang X, Zhou M, Lama S, et al. Intrinsic brain activity responsible for sex differences in shyness and social anxiety. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 2017;11:43.

36. Eisenberg N, Fabes RA, Murphy BC. Relations of shyness and low sociality to regulation and emotionality. J Per Soc Psychol. 1995;8(3):505-517.

37. Brook CA, Willoughby T. The social ties that bind: social anxiety and academic achievement across the university years. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2015;44(5):1139-1152.

38. American Psychological Association. Cynical Shyness Can Precipitate Violence in Males, Say Researchers, and May Be a Factor in School Shootings. Available at https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2007/08/shyness. Last accessed January 1, 2024.

39. Kandler C, Bleidorn W, Riemann R, Spinath FM, Thiel W, Angleitner A. Sources of cumulative continuity in personality: a longitudinal multiple-rater twin study. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2010;98(6):995-1008.

40. Kwiatkowska MM, Rogoza R. A measurement invariance investigation of the differences in shyness between adolescents and adults. Personality and Individual Differences. 2017;116:331-335.

41. Satici B. Testing a model of subjective well-being: the roles of optimism, psychological vulnerability, and shyness. Health Psychology Open. 2019;6(2):1-8.

42. Katz S, Somers CL. Individual and environmental predictors of college adjustment: prevention and intervention. Current Psychology. 2017;36(1):56-65.

43. Burstein M, Ameli-Grillon L, Merikangas KR. Shyness versus social phobia in US youth. Pediatrics. 2011;128(5):917-925.

44. Henderson L, Zimbardo P. Shyness. In: Kahn AP, Fawcett J (eds). The Encyclopedia of Mental Health. 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2015.

45. Schmidt LA, Poole KL. On the bifurcation of temperamental shyness: development, adaptation, and neoteny, 2019. New Ideas in Psychology. 2019;53:13-21.

46. Bouchard S, Dumoulin S, Robillard G, et al. Virtual reality compared with in vivo exposure in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: a three-arm randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2018;210(4):276-283.

47. Aiden LE, Buhr K, Robichaud M, Trew JL, Lelli PM. Treatment of social approach processes in adults with social anxiety disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2018;86(6):505.

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.