Works Cited

Caring for the Poisoned Patient

Course #34443 - $30 -

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  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.

1. Gummin DD, Mowry JB, Beuhler MC, et al. 2019 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 37th annual report. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2020;58(12):1360-1541.

2. Hoffman RS, Howland MA, Lewin NA, Nelson LS, Goldfrank LR. Initial evaluation of the patient: vital signs and toxic syndromes. In: Hoffman RS, Howland MA, Lewin NA, Nelson LS, Goldfrank LR (eds). Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2015: 26-39.

3. Olson KR. Comprehensive evaluation and treatment. In: Olson KR, Anderson IB, Benowitz NL, et al. (eds). Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Lange; 2012: 1-68.

4. Sivilotti MLA. Initial Management of the Critically Ill Adult with an Unknown Overdose. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/initial-management-of-the-critically-ill-adult-with-an-unknown-overdose. Last accessed March 23, 2021.

5. Levine MD. General Approach to Drug Poisoning in Adults. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/general-approach-to-drug-poisoning-in-adults. Last accessed March 23, 2021.

6. McGregor T, Parkar M, Rao S. Evaluation and management of common childhood poisonings. Am Fam Physician. 2009;79(5): 397-403.

7. Braitberg G, Oakley E. Small dose . . . big poison. Aust Fam Physician. 2010;39(11):826-833.

8. Bartlett D. Tricky toxic presentations at triage. J Emer Nurs. 2005;31(4):403-404.

9. Bang HI, Jang MA, Lee YW. Evaluation of the Triage TOX DRUG Screen Assay for detection of 11 drugs of abuse and therapeutic drugs. Ann Lab Med. 2017;37(6):522-525.

10. Monte AA, Heard KJ, Hoppe JA, Vasiliou V, Gonzalez FJ. The accuracy of self-reported drug ingestion histories in emergency department patients. J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;55(1):33-38.

11. Kreshak AA, Wardi G, Tomaszewski CA. The accuracy of emergency department medication history as determined by mass spectrometry analysis of urine: a pilot study. J Emerg Med. 2015;48(3):382-386.

12. Bartlett D. Drug-induced serotonin syndrome. Crit Care Nurse. 2017;37(1):49-54.

13. Petrie PM. Laboratory principles. In: Hoffman RS, Howland MA, Lewin NA, Nelson LS, Goldfrank LR (eds). Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2015: 62-76.

14. Moeller KE, Kissack JC, Atayee RS, Lee KC. Clinical interpretation of urine drug tests: what clinicians need to know about urine drug screens. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017;92(5):774-796.

15. Christian MR, Lowry JA, Algren DA, Thornton SL, Deng S, Garg U. Do rapid comprehensive urine drug screens change clinical management in children? Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2017;55(9):977-980.

16. Tenenbein M. Do you really need that emergency drug screen? Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2009;47(4):286-291.

17. Manini AF, Nair AP, Vedanthan R, Vlahov D, Hoffman RS. Validation of the prognostic utility of the electrocardiogram for acute drug overdose. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(2).

18. CredibleMeds. Overview of Long QT Syndrome and Torsades de Pointes. Available at https://www.crediblemeds.org/healthcare-providers/practical-approach. Last accessed March 23, 2021.

19. Li M, Ramos LG. Drug-induced QT prolongation and torsades de pointes. P T. 2017;42(7):473-477.

20. Eliason MJ, Ricca RL, Gallagher TQ. Button battery ingestion in children. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;25(6): 520-526.

21. Schwartz DT. Diagnostic imaging. In: Hoffman RS, Howland MA, Lewin NA, Nelson LS, Goldfrank LR (eds). Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2015: 38-61.

22. Bahrami-Motlagh H, Mahboubi-Fooladi Z, Salevatipour B, Hassanian-Moghaddam H, Mirhashemi SH. Comparison of low dose and standard dose abdominal CT scan in body stuffers. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2017:1-7.

23. Esterson YB, Patel V, Nicastro J, Friedman B. Plain radiography may underestimate the burden of body packer ingestion: a case report. Clin Imaging. 2017;44:57-60.

24. Yamamoto T, Malavasi E, Archer JR, Dargan PI, Wood DM. Management of body stuffers presenting to the emergency department. Eur J Emerg Med. 2016;23(6):425-429.

25. Gude A-BJ, Hoegberg LCG. Techniques use to prevent gastrointestinal absorption. In: Hoffman RS, Howland MA, Lewin NA, Nelson LS, Goldfrank LR (eds). Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. 10th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2015.

26. Hendrickson RG, Kusin S. Gastrointestinal Decontamination of the Poisoned Patient. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gastrointestinal-decontamination-of-the-poisoned-patient. Last accessed March 23, 2021.

27. Benson BE, Hoppu K, Troutman WG, et al. Position paper update: gastric lavage for gastrointestinal decontamination. Clin Toxicol. 2013;51:140-146.

28. Pfab R, Schmoll S, Dostal G, Stenzel J, Hapfelmeier A, Eyer F. Single-dose activated charcoal for gut decontamination: application by medical non-professionals: a prospective study on availability and practicability. Toxicol Rep. 2016;4:49-54.

29. Juurlink DN. Activated charcoal for acute overdose: a reappraisal. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;81(3):482-487.

30. Chyka PA, Seger D, Krenzelok EP, et al. Position paper: single-dose activated charcoal. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2005;43(2):61-87.

31. Silberman J, Galuska MA, Taylor A. Activated Charcoal. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2021.

32. De Weerdt A, Snoeckx A, Germonpré P, Jorens PG. Rapid-onset adult respiratory distress syndrome after activated charcoal aspiration: a pitch-black tale of a potential to kill. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191(3):344-345.

33. Bairral BQ, Saito M, Morrone N. Activated charcoal bronchial aspiration. J Bras Pneumol. 2012;38(4):533-534.

34. [No authors listed]. Position paper: cathartics. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2004;42(7):243-253.

35. Höjer J, Troutman WG, Hoppu K, et al. Position paper update: ipecac syrup for gastrointestinal decontamination. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2013;51(3):134-139.

36. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Injury, Violence, and Poison Prevention. Poison treatment in the home. Pediatrics. 2003;112(5):1182-1185.

37. Manoguerra AS, Cobaugh DJ; Guidelines for the Management of Poisoning Consensus Panel. Guideline on the use of ipecac syrup in the out-of-hospital management of ingested poisons. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2005;43(1):1-10.

38. Thanacoody R, Caravati EM, Troutman B, et al. Position paper update: whole bowel irrigation for gastrointestinal decontamination of overdose patients. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2015;53(1):5-12.

39. Gerardo CJ, Quackenbush E, Lewis B, et al. The efficacy of crotalidae polyvalent immune fab (Ovine) antivenom versus placebo plus optional rescue therapy on recovery from copperhead snake envenomation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2017;(2):233-244.

40. CroFab [Package Insert]. Available at https://www.crofab.com/CroFab/media/CroFab/PDF%20Files/CroFab-Prescribing-Information.pdf. Last accessed March 23, 2021.

41. Dong H, Weng YB, Zhen GS, Li FJ, Jin AC, Liu J. Clinical emergency treatment of 68 critical patients with severe organophosphorus poisoning and prognosis analysis after rescue. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(25):e7237.

42. Bird S. Organophosphate and Carbamate Poisoning. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/organophosphate-and-carbamate-poisoning. Last accessed March 23, 2021.

43. Graudins A, Lee HM, Druda D. Calcium channel antagonist and beta-blocker overdose: antidotes and adjunct therapies. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;81(3):453-461.

44. St-Onge M, Anseeuw K, Cantrell FL, et al. Experts consensus recommendations for the management of calcium channel blocker poisoning in adults. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(3):e306-e315.

45. Rietjens SJ, de Lange DW, Donker DW, Meulenbelt J. Practical recommendations for calcium channel antagonist poisoning.Neth J Med. 2016;74(2):60-67.

46. Barrueto F Jr. Beta Blocker Poisoning. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/beta-blocker-poisoning. Last accessed March 23, 2021.

47. Han HH, Kwon BY, Jung SN, Moon SH. Importance of initial management and surgical treatment after hydrofluoric acid burn of the finger. Burns. 2017;43(1):e1-e6.

48. Liebelt EL. Acute Iron Poisoning. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-iron-poisoning. Last accessed March 23, 2021.

49. Bartlett D. β-blocker and calcium channel blocker poisoning: high-dose insulin/glucose therapy. Crit Care Nurse. 2016;36(2):45-50.

50. Kusumoto FM, Schoenfeld MH, Barrett C, et al. 2018 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline on the evaluation and management of patients with bradycardia and cardiac conduction delay: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Cardiology. 2019;74(7):e51-e156.

51. Lexicomp Online. Available at https://online.lexi.com. Last accessed March 23, 2021.

52. Engebretsen KM, Kaczmarek KM, Morgan J, Holger JS. High-dose insulin therapy in beta-blocker and calcium channel-blocker poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2011;49(4):277-283.

53. Page CB, Ryan NM, Isbister GK. The safety of high-dose insulin euglycaemia therapy in toxin-induced cardiac toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2018;56(6):389-396.

54. Pincus M. Management of digoxin toxicity. Aust Prescr. 2016;39(1):18-20.

55. Chan BS, Buckley NA. Digoxin-specific antibody fragments in the treatment of digoxin toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2014;52(8):824-836.

56. Hamad E, Babu K, Bebarta VS. Case files of the University of Massachusetts Toxicology Fellowship: does this smoke inhalation victim require treatment with cyanide antidote? J Med Toxicol. 2016;12(2):192-198.

57. Desai S, Su M. Cyanide Poisoning. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cyanide-poisoning. Last accessed March 23, 2021.

58. An H, Godwin J. Flumazenil in benzodiazepine overdose. CMAJ. 2016;188:17-18.

59. Singh R, Arain E, Buth A, Kado J, Soubani A, Imran N. Ethylene glycol poisoning: an unusual cause of altered mental status and the lessons learned from management of the disease in the acute setting. Case Rep Crit Care. 2016;2016:9157393.

60. Mock CM, Schwetschenau KH. Levocarnitine for valproic-acid-induced hyperammonemic encephalopathy. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2012;69(1):35-39.

61. Perrott J, Murphy NG, Zed PJ. L-carnitine for acute valproic acid overdose: a systematic review of published cases. Ann Pharmacother. 2010;44(7-8):1287-1293.

62. Gosselin S, Hoegberg LC, Hoffman RS, et al. Evidence-based recommendations on the use of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy in poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2016;54(10):899-923.

63. Bartlett D. Intravenous lipids: antidotal therapy for drug overdose and toxic effects of local anesthetics. Crit Care Nurse. 2014;34(5):62-66; quiz 67.

64. Hayes BD, Gosselin S, Calello DP, et al. Systematic review of clinical adverse events reported after acute intravenous lipid emulsion administration. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2016;54(5):365-404.

65. Katabami K, Hayakawa M, Gando S. Severe methemoglobinemia due to sodium nitrite poisoning. Case Rep Emerg Med. 2016;2016:9013816.

66. Bailey GP, Najafi J, Elamin ME, et al. Delays during the administration of acetylcysteine for the treatment of paracetamol overdose. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;82(5):1358-1363.

67. Chiew AL, Isbister GK, Kirby KA, Page CB, Chan BSH, Buckley NA. Massive paracetamol overdose: an observational study of the effect of activated charcoal and increased acetylcysteine dose (ATOM-2). Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2017;55(10):1055-1065.

68. McNulty R, Lim JME, Chandru P, Gunja N. Fewer adverse effects with a modified two-bag acetylcysteine protocol in paracetamol overdose. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2018;56(7):618-621.

69. Klein-Schwartz W, Stassinos GL, Isbister GK. Treatment of sulfonylurea and insulin overdose. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;81(3): 496-504.

70. Dawson AH, Buckley NA. Pharmacological management of anticholinergic delirium: theory, evidence and practice. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016;81(3):516-524.

71. Walton EL. Pralidoxime and pesticide poisoning: a question of severity? Biomed J. 2016;39(6):373-375.

72. Stead DF, Mason CR. Three cases of intentional isoniazid overdose: a life-threatening condition. S Afr Med J. 2016;106(9):891-892.

73. Howland MA. Antidotes in depth: pyridoxine. In: Nelson LS, Lewin NA, Howland MA, Hoffman RS, Goldfrank LR, Flomenbaum NE (eds). Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies. 9th edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011: 845-848.

74. Mirrakhimov AE, Ayach T, Barbaryan A, Talari G, Chadha R, Gray A. The role of sodium bicarbonate in the management of some toxic ingestions. Int J Nephrol. 2017;2017:7831358.

75. Shoma D, Su M. Cyanide Poisoning. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cyanide-poisoning. Last accessed March 23, 2021.

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.