Works Cited

Management of Opioid Dependency During Pregnancy

Course #93093 - $15 -

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  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About Opioid Use During Pregnancy. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/pregnancy/opioids/basics.html. Last accessed December 1, 2023.

2. Elmore AL, Omofuma OO, Sevoyan M, Richard C, Liu J. Prescription opioid use among women of reproductive age in the United States: NHANES, 2003–2018. Prev Med. 2021;153:106846.

3. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: FDA Updates Prescribing Information for All Opioid Pain Medicines to Provide Additional Guidance for Safe Use. Available at https://www.fda.gov/media/167058/download?attachment. Last accessed December 1, 2023.

4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prescription Painkiller Overdoses: A Growing Epidemic, Especially Among Women. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/prescriptionpainkilleroverdoses. Last accessed October 16, 2020.

5. Dowell D, Ragan KR, Jones CM, Baldwin GT, Chou R. CDC clinical practice guideline for prescribing opioids for pain—United States, 2022. MMWR. 2022;71(3):1-95.

6. Osborne NR, Davis KD. Chapter eight: sex and gender differences in pain. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2022;164:277-307.

7. Sharma B, Bruner A, Barnett G, Fishman M. Opioid use disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2016;25(3):473-487.

8. Medline Plus. Opiate and Opioid Withdrawal. Available at https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000949.htm. Last accessed December 1, 2023.

9. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) 63: Medications for Opioid Use Disorder. Available at https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/pep21-02-01-002.pdf. Last accessed December 1, 2023.

10. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Evidence-Based, Whole-Person Care for Pregnant People Who Have Opioid Use Disorder. Available at https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/pep23-02-01-002.pdf. Last accessed December 1, 2023.

11. Nilsson L, Forsell L. A Child is Born. 5th ed. New York, NY: Bantam Dell; 2020.

12. Lin-Fu JS. Neonatal Narcotic Addiction. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health Education and Welfare; 1969.

13. Patrick SW, Barfield WD, Poindexter BB. Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome. Pediatrics. 2020;146(5):e2020029074.

14. Moss-King. The Positive Direction Model: Opioid Use and Pregnancy. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse; 2017.

15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder Before, During, and After Pregnancy. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/pregnancy/opioids/treatment.html. Last accessed December 1, 2023.

16. Jones HE, Finnegan LP, Kaltenbach K. Methadone and buprenorphine for the management of opioid dependence in pregnancy. Drugs. 2012;72(6):747-757.

17. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice, American Society of Addiction Medicine. ACOG committee opinion no. 711: opioid use and opioid use disorder in pregnancy [reaffirmed 2021]. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130(2):e81-e94.

18. Wadman E, Fernandes E, Muss C, et al. A novel syndrome associated with prenatal fentanyl exposure. Gen Med Open. 2023;9(1):100834.

19. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Buprenorphine. Available at https://www.samhsa.gov/medications-substance-use-disorders/medications-counseling-related-conditions/buprenorphine. Last accessed December 1, 2023.

20. Franck LS, Harris SK, Soetenga DJ, Amling JK, Curley MAQ. The withdrawal assessment tool—version 1 (WAT-1): an assessment instrument for monitoring opioid and benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms in pediatric patients. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. 2008;9(6):573-580.

21. Ram A, Tuten M, Chisolm MS. Cigarette smoking reduction in pregnant women with opioid use disorder. J Addict Med. 2016;10(1):53-59.

22. Blandthorn J, Forster DA, Love V. Neonatal and maternal outcomes following maternal use of buprenorphine or methadone during pregnancy: findings of retrospective audit. Women Birth. 2011;24(1):32-39.

23. Hudak ML, Tan RC, the Committee on Drugs, the Committee on Fetus and Newborn of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Neonatal drug withdrawal. Pediatrics. 2012;129(2):e540-e560.

24. McQueen K, Murphy-Oikonen J. Neonatal abstinence syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(25):2468-2479.

25. Welle-Strand GK, Skurtveit S, Jansson LM, Bakstad B, Bjarkø L, Ravndal E. Breastfeeding reduces the need for withdrawal treatment in opioid-exposed infants. Acta Paediatr. 2013;102(11):1060-1066.

26. Finnegan, LP, Kron, RE, Connaughton, JF, Emich, JP, A scoring system for evaluation and treatment of the neonatal abstinence syndrome: a new clinical and research tool. In: Moriselli PL, Garattini S, Sereni F (eds). Basic and Therapeutic Aspects of Perinatal Pharmacology. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1975: 139-155.

27. Weller AE, Crist RC, Reiner BC, Doyle GA, Berrettini WH. Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS): a transgenerational echo of the opioid crisis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2021;11(3):a039669.

28. Pallatino C, Chang JC, Krans EE. The intersection of intimate partner violence and substance use among women with opioid use disorder. Subst Abus. 2021;42(2):197-204.

29. Conradt E, Flannery T, Aschner JL, et al. Prenatal opioid exposure: neurodevelopmental consequences and future research priorities. Pediatrics. 2019;144(3):e20190128.

30. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Clinical Guidance for Treating Pregnant and Parenting Women with Opioid Use Disorder and Their Infants. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 18-5054. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2018.

31. Grim K, Harrison TE, Wilder RT. Management of neonatal abstinence syndrome from opioids. Clin Perinatol. 2013;40(3):509-524.

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.