Works Cited

Strategies for Appropriate Opioid Prescribing: The Florida Requirement

Course #45121 - $15 -

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.

1. Federation of State Medical Boards. Guidelines for the Chronic Useof Opioid Analgesics. Washington, DC: The Federation of State Medical Boards; 2017.

2. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education. Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education, and Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2011.

3. PR Newswire. U.S. Public and Doctors' Misperceptions Revealed in National Survey Demonstrate Urgent Need for Increased Opioid Dependence Awareness. Available at https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/us-public-and-doctors-misperceptions-revealed-in-national-survey-demonstrate-urgent-need-for-increased-opioid-dependence-awareness-210981471.html. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

5. Bhamb B, Brown D, Hariharan J, et al. Survey of select practice behaviors by primary care physicians on the use of opioids for chronic pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22(9):1859-1865.

6. Mezei L, Murinson BB. Pain education in North American medical schools. J Pain. 2011;12:1199-208.

7. Oliver J, Coggins C, Compton P, et al. American Society for Pain Management Nursing position statement: pain management in patients with substance use disorders. Pain Management Nursing. 2012;13:169-183.

8. American Psychiatric Association. Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Available at https://psychiatry.msu.edu/_files/docs/Changes-From-DSM-IV-TR-to-DSM-5.pdf. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

9. Dydyk AM, Sizemore DC, Haddad LM, Lindsay L, Porter BR. NP Safe Prescribing of Controlled Substances While Avoiding Drug Diversion. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2021.

10. American Society of Addiction Medicine. Definition of Addiction. Available at https://www.asam.org/resources/definition-of-addiction. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

11. Reuben DB, Alvanzo AAH, Ashikaga T, et al. National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop: the role of opioids in the treatment of chronic pain. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(4):295-300.

12. Giordano J, Schatman ME, Höver G. Ethical insights to rapprochement in pain care: bringing stakeholders together in the best interest(s) of the patient. Pain Physician. 2009;12:E265-E275.

13. Atkinson TJ, Schatman ME, Fudin J. The damage done by the war on opioids: the pendulum has swung too far. J Pain Res. 2014;7:265-268.

14. Webster LR. Pain and suicide: the other side of the opioid story. Pain Med. 2014;15(3):345-346.

15. Ziegler SJ. Patient abandonment in the name of opioid safety. Pain Med. 2013;14(3):323-324.

16. Schatman ME, Webster LR. The health insurance industry: perpetuating the opioid crisis through policies of cost-containment and profitability. J Pain Res. 2015;8:153-158.

17. Fudin J, Pratt Cleary J, Schatman ME. The MEDD myth: the impact of pseudoscience on pain research and prescribing-guideline development. J Pain Res. 2016;9:153-156.

18. National Forensic Laboratory Information System. Special Report: Opiates and Related Drugs Reported in NFLIS-Drug 2019 Annual Report. Available at https://www.nflis.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/nflisdata/docs/NFLIS-DRUG_2019_Annual_Report.pdf. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

19. Rudd RA, Aleshire N, Zibbell JE, Gladden RM. Increases in drug and opioid overdose deaths—United States, 2000–2014. MMWR. 2016;64(50):1378-1382.

20. Carter D. CDC advisory warns of possible nationwide increase in fentanyl deaths. Am J Nurs. 2016;116(2):15.

21. Hedegaard H, Chen LH, Warner M. Drug-poisoning deaths involving heroin: United States, 2000–2013. NCHS Data Brief. 2015;190:1-8.

22. Gladden RM, Martinez P, Seth P. Fentanyl law enforcement submissions and increases in synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths—27 states, 2013–2014. MMWR. 2016;65(33):837-843.

23. Drug Enforcement Administration. 2020 National Drug Threat Assessment. Available at https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2021-02/DIR-008-21%202020%20National%20Drug%20Threat%20Assessment_WEB.pdf. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

24. Wilson N, Kariisa M, Seth P, Smith Herschel IV, Davis NL. Drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths—United States, 2017-2018. MMWR. 2020;69(11):290-297.

25. Kenen K, Mack K, Paulozzi L. Trends in prescriptions for oxycodone and other commonly used opioids in the United States, 2000–2010. Open Medicine. 2012;6(2)e41.

26. Jamison RN, Scanlan E, Matthews ML, Jurcik DC, Ross EL. Attitudes of primary care practitioners in managing chronic pain patients prescribed opioids for pain: a prospective longitudinal controlled trial. Pain Med. 2016;17(1):99-113.

27. Owen GT, Burton AW, Schade CM, Passik S. Urine drug testing: current recommendations and best practices. Pain Physician. 2012;15:ES119-ES133.

28. Duthey B, Scholten W. Adequacy of opioid analgesic consumption at country, global, and regional levels in 2010, its relationship with development level, and changes compared with 2006. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2014;47(2):283-297.

29. Fudin J. The Hydrocodone Question. Available at https://www.drugtopics.com/view/hydrocodone-question. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

30. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Trends and Statistics: Overdose Death Rates. Available at https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

31. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Benzodiazepines and Opioids. Available at https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/opioids/benzodiazepines-opioids. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

32. Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Dhalla IA, Paterson JM, Juurlink DN. Opioid dose and drug-related mortality in patients with nonmalignant pain. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(7):686-691.

33. Dasgupta N, Funk MJ, Proescholdbell S, Hirsch A, Ribisl KM, Marshall S. Cohort study of the impact of high-dose opioid analgesics on overdose mortality. Pain Med. 2016;17(1):85-98.

34. National Forensic Laboratory Information System. 2015 Midyear Report. Available at https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/nflis/NFLIS_MidYear2015.pdf. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

35. Florida Department of Health. Division of Medical Quality Assurance. Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Annual Report: Fiscal Year 2019-2020. Available at http://www.floridahealth.gov/statistics-and-data/e-forcse/news-reports/2020-pdmp-annual-report.pdf. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

36. Rudd RA, Aleshire N, Zibbell JE, Gladden RM. Increases in drug and opioid overdose deaths—United States, 2000–2014. MMWR. 2016;64(50):1378-1382.

37. Johnson H, Paulozzi L, Porucznik C, Mack K, Herter B. Decline in drug overdose deaths after state policy changes—Florida, 2010–2012. MMWR. 2014;63(26):569-574.

38. Florida Governor Rick Scott. 17-146 Executive Order directing a Public Health Emergency Re: Opioid Epidemic. Available at https://www.flgov.com/wp-content/uploads/orders/2017/EO_17-146.pdf. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

39. Peterson AB, Gladden RM, Delcher C, et al. Increases in fentanyl-related overdose deaths – Florida and Ohio, 2013-2015.MMWR. 2016;65(33):844-849.

40. Popovich N. A Deadly Crisis: Mapping the Spread of America's Drug Overdose Epidemic. Available at https://www.theguardian.com/society/ng-interactive/2016/may/25/opioid-epidemic-overdose-deaths-map. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

41. Florida Department of Law Enforcement. Drugs Identified in Deceased Persons by Florida Medical Examiners: 2020 Interim Report. Available at https://www.fdle.state.fl.us/MEC/Publications-and-Forms/Documents/Drugs-in-Deceased-Persons/2020-Interim-Drug-Report-FINAL.aspx. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

42. Jones CM, Paulozzi LJ, Mack KA. Alcohol involvement in opioid pain reliever and benzodiazepine drug abuse-related emergency department visits and drug-related deaths—United States, 2010. MMWR. 2014;63(40):881-885.

43. Scott J. Florida's New Law on Controlled Substance Prescribing. Available at https://flmedical.org/Florida/Florida_Public/Docs/FMA-Opioid-HB21.pdf. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

44. Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain—United States, 2016. MMWR. 2016;65(1):1-49.

45. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Advises Against Misapplication of the Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2019/s0424-advises-misapplication-guideline-prescribing-opioids.html. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

46. Webster L. Will CDC Opioid Guidelines Help Reduce Overdoses? Available at https://www.painnewsnetwork.org/stories/2016/4/25/will-cdc-opioid-guidelines-help-reduce-overdoses. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

47. Ciccone TG, Kean N. Responses and Criticisms Over New CDC Opioid Prescribing Guidelines. Available at https://www.practicalpainmanagement.com/resources/news-and-research/responses-criticisms-over-new-cdc-opioid-prescribing-guidelines. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

48. Samp RA. Letter to the CDC ATS DR. Available at https://s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/washlegal-uploads/upload/litigation/misc/CDCFOIARequest-Opioids.pdf. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

49. Kroenke K, Alford DP, Argoff C, et al. Challenges with implementing the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Opioid Guideline: a Consensus Panel Report. Pain Med. 2019;20(4):724-735.

50. Alford DP. Opioid prescribing for chronic pain: achieving the right balance through education. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(4):301-303.

51. Wallwork RS, Chipidza FE, Stern TA. Obstacles to the prescription and use of opioids. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2016;18(1):10.

52. Management of Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain Working Group. VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for Management of Opioid Therapy for Chronic Pain. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Defense; 2017.

53. Chou R, Fanciullo GJ, Fine PG, et al. Clinical guidelines for the use of chronic opioid therapy in chronic noncancer pain. J Pain. 2009;10(2):113-130.

54. The Florida Senate. CS/CS/HB 21: Controlled Substances. Available at https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2018/21. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

55. Argoff CE, Silvershein DI. A comparison of long- and short-acting opioids for the treatment of chronic noncancer pain: tailoring therapy to meet patient needs. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84(7):602-612.

56. McCarberg BH, Barkin RL. Long-acting opioids for chronic pain: pharmacotherapeutic opportunities to enhance compliance, quality of life, and analgesia. Am J Ther. 2001;8(3):181-186.

57. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Adult Cancer Pain. Version 2.2021. Available at https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/pain.pdf.. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

58. Sundwall DN, Utah Department of Health. Utah Clinical Guidelines on Prescribing Opioids for Treatment of Pain. Salt Lake City, UT: Utah Department of Health; 2009.

59. Sloan P. Update on extended-release opioids in pain management. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2014;11(2):155-158.

60. Federation of State Medical Boards. Model Policy for the Use of Opioid Analgesics in the Treatment of Chronic Pain. Washington, DC: Federation of State Medical Boards; 2013.

61. Cheatle MD, Barker C. Improving opioid prescription practices and reducing patient risk in the primary care setting. J Pain Res. 2014;7:301-311.

62. Nadeau SE. Opioids for chronic noncancer pain. To prescribe or not to prescribe: what is the question? Neurology. 2015;85(7): 646-651.

63. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Medication Guides: Distribution Requirements and Inclusion in Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS). Available at https://www.fda.gov/media/79776/download. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

64. Manchikanti L, Abdi S, Atluri S, et al. American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP) guidelines for responsible opioid prescribing in chronic non-cancer pain: part 2—guidance. Pain Physician. 2012;15(3 Suppl):S67-S116.

65. Webster LR, Webster RM. Predicting aberrant behaviors in opioid-treated patients: preliminary validation of the opioid risk tool. Pain Med. 2005;6(6):432-442.

66. Opioid Risk Tool. Available at https://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/opioidrisktool.pdf. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

67. Butler SF, Budman SH, Fernandez KC, Fanciullo GJ, Jamison RN. Cross-validation of a Screener to Predict Opioid Misuse in Chronic Pain Patients (SOAPP-R). J Addict Med. 2009;3(2):66-73.

68. Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients with Pain – Revised (SOAPP-R). Available at https://www.helpisherede.com/Content/Documents/SOAPP-Tool.pdf. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

69. Cheattle MD. Risk Assessment: Safe Opioid Prescribing Tools. Available at https://www.practicalpainmanagement.com/resource-centers/opioid-prescribing-monitoring/risk-assessment-safe-opioid-prescribing-tools. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

70. Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Clinical Guidelines for the Use of Buprenorphine in the Treatment of Opioid Addiction. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2004.

71. Fine PG, Finnegan T, Portenoy RK. Protect your patients, protect your practice: practical risk assessment in the structuring of opioid therapy in chronic pain. J Fam Pract. 2010;59(9 Suppl 2):S1-S16.

72. Katz NP. Opioid Prescribing Toolkit: A Workbook for Clinicians. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2010.

73. Dalal S, Bruera E. Assessment and management of pain in the terminally ill. Prim Care Clin Office Pract. 2011;38:195-223.

74. Berger AM, Shuster JL, Von Roenn JH (eds). Principles & Practice of Palliative Care & Supportive Oncology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013.

75. American Chronic Pain Association. ACPA – Stanford Resource Guide to Pain Management: 2021 Edition. Available at https://med.stanford.edu/pain/patients/patient-resources.html. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

76. Strickland JM, Huskey A, Brushwood DB. Pharmacist-physician collaboration in pain management practice. J Opioid Manag. 2007;3:295-301.

77. Tanzi MG. Screening pain prescriptions for safe use with VIGIL. Safeuse. 2015;21(9):68.

78. Crespi-Lofton J. VIGIL: answer the question "Is it legitimate?" Pharmacy Today. 2006;12(1):1.

79. Passik SD, Kirsh KL, Whitcomb L, et al. A new tool to assess and document pain outcomes in chronic pain patients receiving opioid therapy. Clin Ther. 2004;26:552-561.

80. Pain Assessment and Documentation Tool. Available at https://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/PainAssessmentDocumentationTool.pdf. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

81. Atluri SL, Akbik H, Sudarshan G. Prevention of opioid abuse in chronic non-cancer pain: an algorithmic, evidence-based approach. Pain Physician. 2012;15:ES177-ES189.

82. Baxter J. Minimizing the Misuse of Prescription Opioids in Patients with Chronic Nonmalignant Pain. Available at https://www.drugabuse.gov/nidamed-medical-health-professionals/health-professions-education/centers-excellence/minimizing-misuse-prescription-opioids-in-patients-chronic-nonmalignant-pain. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

83. Patient Counseling Document. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/rems/ERLA_opioids_2016-04-26_Patient_Counseling_Document.pdf. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

84. American College of Preventive Medicine. Use, Abuse, Misuse and Disposal of Prescription Pain Medication Clinical Reference. Available at http://www.yuma.usmc-mccs.org/mccsyuma/assets/File/Drug%20Facts%20Sheets/painmedsclinicalreference.pdf. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

85. Office of National Drug Control Policy. Proper Disposal of Prescription Drugs. Available at https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/ondcp/prescrip_disposal.pdf. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

86. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Safe Opioid Disposal: Remove the Risk Outreach Toolkit. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/ensuring-safe-use-medicine/safe-opioid-disposal-remove-risk-outreach-toolkit. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

87. Wheeler E, Davidson PJ, Jones TS, Irwin KS. Community-based opioid overdose prevention programs providing naloxone— United States, 2010. MMWR. 2012;61(6):101-105.

88. Florida Legislature. 381.887 Emergency Treatment for Suspected Opioid Overdose. Available at http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=0300-0399/0381/Sections/0381.887.html. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

89. Gutstein HB, Akil H. Opioid analgesics. In: Brunton L, Parker K, Lazo J, Buxton I, Blumenthal D (eds). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 12th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011: 547-590.

90. van den Brink W, Haasen C. Evidence-based treatment of opioid-dependent patients. Can J Psychiatry. 2006;51(10):635-646.

91. Cassels C. FDA Okays Handheld Autoinjector for Opioid Overdose. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/823039. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

92. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA News Release [Archive]. FDA Moves Quickly to Approve Easy-To-Use Nasal Spray to Treat Opioid Overdose. Available at https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20180125101447/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm473505.htm. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

93. Lexicomp Online. Available at https://online.lexi.com/lco/action/login. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

94. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Risk for overdose from methadone used for pain relief—United States, 1999–2010. MMWR. 2012;61(26):493-497.

95. Hannon K. The Prescription Drug Crisis in New York State: A Comprehensive Approach. Available at https://www.scribd.com/doc/82474334/Prescription-Drug-Abuse-Crisis-in-NYS-Comprehensive-Approach-New. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

96. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. Drug Scheduling. Available at https://www.dea.gov/drug-information/drug-scheduling. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

97. Florida Legislature. Chapter 893: Drug Abuse Prevention and Control. Available at http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0800-0899/0893/0893.html. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

98. Reifler LM, Droz D, Bailey JE, et al. Do prescription monitoring programs impact state trends in opioid abuse/misuse? Pain Med. 2012;13:434-442.

99. Florida Legislature. 893.055 Prescription Drug Monitoring Program. Available at http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0800-0899/0893/Sections/0893.055.html. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

100. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Available at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt29393/2019NSDUHFFRPDFWHTML/2019NSDUHFFR1PDFW090120.pdf. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

101. Sekhon R, Aminjavahery N, Davis CN Jr, et al. Compliance with opioid treatment guidelines for chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) in primary care at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC). Pain Med. 2013;14(10):1548-1556.

102. Meier B. Increase in Urine Testing Raises Ethical Questions. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/02/business/increase-in-urine-testing-raises-ethical-questions.html?_r=0. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

103. Passik SD. Issues in long-term opioid therapy: unmet needs, risks, and solutions. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84:593-601.

104. Holliday S, Hayes C, Dunlop A. Opioid use in chronic non-cancer pain. Part 2: prescribing issues and alternatives. Australian Fam Physician. 2013;42:104-111.

105. U.S. Department of Justice Diversion Control Division. Don't Be Scammed By A Drug Abuser. Available at https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/pubs/brochures/drugabuser.htm. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

106. American Medical Association. Code of Ethics: Opinion 1.1.5 Terminating a Patient-Physician Relationship. Available at https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/terminating-patient-physician-relationship. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

107. Bolen J. Discharging Patients Who Abuse Controlled Substances. Available at https://www.painmedicinenews.com/Policy-Management/Article/04-06/Discharging-Patients-Who-Abuse-Controlled-Substances/4340. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

108. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Guidance Portal. Drug Diversion: What is a Prescriber's Role in Preventing the Diversion of Prescription Drugs? Available at https://www.hhs.gov/guidance/document/drug-diversion-what-prescribers-role-preventing-diversion-prescription-drugs. Last accessed August 17, 2021.

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.