Works Cited

Strategies for Appropriate Opioid Prescribing: The Florida APRN/PA Requirement

Course #91152 - $18 -

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.

1. Federation of State Medical Boards. Guidelines for the Chronic Use of Opioid Analgesics. Available at https://www.fsmb.org/siteassets/advocacy/policies/opioid_guidelines_as_adopted_april-2017_final.pdf. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

2. Institute of Medicine, Committee on Advancing Pain Research, Care, and Education. Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education, and Research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2011.

3. PR Newswire. U.S. Public and Doctors' Misperceptions Revealed in National Survey Demonstrate Urgent Need for Increased Opioid Dependence Awareness. Available at https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/us-public-and-doctors-misperceptions-revealed-in-national-survey-demonstrate-urgent-need-for-increased-opioid-dependence-awareness-210981471.html. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

4. USE: Addiction Center. Addiction Vs. Dependence. Available at https://www.addictioncenter.com/addiction/addiction-vs-dependence/. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

5. Bhamb B, Brown D, Hariharan J, et al. Survey of select practice behaviors by primary care physicians on the use of opioids for chronic pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22(9):1859-1865.

6. Mezei L, Murinson BB. Pain education in North American medical schools. J Pain. 2011;12:1199-1208.

7. Vadivelu N, Mitra S, Hines R, Elia M, Rosenquist R. Acute pain in undergraduate medical education: an unfinished chapter! Pain Pract. 2012;12(8):663-671.

8. Oliver J, Coggins C, Compton P, et al. American Society for Pain Management Nursing position statement: pain management in patients with substance use disorders. Pain Manage Nurs. 2012;13(3):169-183.

9. Psychiatry Online. Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV-TR to DSM-5. Available at https://dsm.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.changes. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

10. American Society of Addiction Medicine. Definition of Addiction. Available at https://www.asam.org/docs/default-source/quality-science/asam's-2019-definition-of-addiction-(1).pdf?sfvrsn=b8b64fc2_2. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

11. Reuben DB, Alvanzo AAH, Ashikaga T, et al. National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop: the role of opioids in the treatment of chronic pain. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(4):295-300.

12. Giordano J, Schatman ME, Höver G. Ethical insights to rapprochement in pain care: bringing stakeholders together in the best interest(s) of the patient. Pain Physician. 2009;12:E265-E275.

13. Atkinson TJ, Schatman ME, Fudin J. The damage done by the war on opioids: the pendulum has swung too far. J Pain Res. 2014;7:265-268.

14. Webster LR. Pain and suicide: the other side of the opioid story. Pain Med. 2014;15(3):345-346.

15. Ziegler SJ. Patient abandonment in the name of opioid safety. Pain Med. 2013;14(3):323-324.

16. Schatman ME, Webster LR. The health insurance industry: perpetuating the opioid crisis through policies of cost-containment and profitability. J Pain Res. 2015;8:153-158.

17. Fudin J, Pratt Cleary J, Schatman ME. The MEDD myth: the impact of pseudoscience on pain research and prescribing-guideline development. J Pain Res. 2016;9:153-156.

18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Annual Surveillance Report of Drug-Related Risks and Outcomes: United States, 2019. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/pdf/pubs/2019-cdc-drug-surveillance-report.pdf. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

19. Jamison RN, Scanlan E, Matthews ML, Jurcik DC, Ross EL. Attitudes of primary care practitioners in managing chronic pain patients prescribed opioids for pain: a prospective longitudinal controlled trial. Pain Med. 2016;17(1):99-113.

20. Anson P. Health Officials Call for Better Access to Addiction Treatment. Available at http://nationalpainreport.com/health-officials-call-for-better-access-to-addiction-treatment-8823738.html. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

21. Kenen K, Mack K, Paulozzi L. Trends in prescriptions for oxycodone and other commonly used opioids in the United States, 2000–2010. Open Med. 2012;6(2)e41-e47.

22. International Narcotics Control Board. Narcotic Drugs, 2021: Estimated World Requirements for 2022. Available at https://www.incb.org/documents/Narcotic-Drugs/Technical-Publications/2021/Narcotic_Drugs_Technical_Publication_2021.pdf. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

23. Bhadelia A, De Lima L, Arreola-Ornelas H, Kwete XJ, Rodriquez NM, Knaul FM. Solving the global crisis in access to pain relief: lessons from country actions. Am J Public Health. 2019;109(1):58-60.

24. Carney T, Van Hout MC, Norman I, Dada S, Siegfried N, Parry CDH. Dihydrocodeine for detoxification and maintenance treatment in individuals with opiate use disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;(2):CD012254.

25. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Overdose Death Rates. Available at https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

26. Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Dhalla IA, Paterson JM, Juurlink DN. Opioid dose and drug-related mortality in patients with nonmalignant pain. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171(7):686-691.

27. Dasgupta N, Funk MJ, Proescholdbell S, Hirsch A, Ribisl KM, Marshall S. Cohort study of the impact of high-dose opioid analgesics on overdose mortality. Pain Med. 2016;17(1):85-98.

28. Agarwal SD, Landon BE. Patterns in outpatient benzodiazepine prescribing in the United States. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(1):e1873999.

29. Florida Department of Health. Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Annual Report: Fiscal Year 2020-2021. Available at https://www.floridahealth.gov/statistics-and-data/e-forcse/news-reports/_documents/annual-report-2021.pdf. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

30. Rudd RA, Aleshire N, Zibbell JE, Gladden RM. Increases in drug and opioid overdose deaths—United States, 2000–2014. MMWR. 2016;64(50):1378-1382.

31. Florida Department of Law Enforcement. Drugs Identified in Deceased Persons by Florida Medical Examiners: 2020 Annual Report. Available at https://www.fdle.state.fl.us/MEC/Publications-and-Forms/Documents/Drugs-in-Deceased-Persons/2020-Annual-Drug-Report-FINAL.aspx. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

32. Johnson H, Paulozzi L, Porucznik C, Mack K, Herter B. Decline in drug overdose deaths after state policy changes—Florida, 2010–2012. MMWR. 2014;63(26):569-574.

33. Florida Governor Rick Scott. 17-146 Executive Order Directing a Public Health Emergency Re: Opioid Epidemic. Available at https://www.flgov.com/wp-content/uploads/orders/2017/EO_17-146.pdf. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

34. Ron DeSantis, 46th Governor of Florida. 2018 Executive Orders. #2018-362 Executive Order Extends Executive Order 18-279 Re: Opioid Epidemic: December 5, 2018. Available at https://www.flgov.com/wp-content/uploads/orders/2018/EO_18-362.pdf. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

35. Hall J. Florida Drug Trends Update: November 2015. Available at https://slideplayer.com/slide/12804922/. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

36. Popovich N. A Deadly Crisis: Mapping the Spread of America's Drug Overdose Epidemic. Available at https://www.theguardian.com/society/ng-interactive/2016/may/25/opioid-epidemic-overdose-deaths-map. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

37. Jones CM, Paulozzi LJ, Mack KA. Alcohol involvement in opioid pain reliever and benzodiazepine drug abuse-related emergency department visits and drug-related deaths—United States, 2010. MMWR. 2014;63(40):881-885.

38. Ruhm CJ. Drug poisoning deaths in the United States, 1999–2012: a statistical adjustment analysis. Popul Health Metr. 2016;14:2.

39. Scott J. Florida's New Law on Controlled Substance Prescribing. Available at https://flmedical.org/Florida/Florida_Public/Docs/FMA-Opioid-HB21.pdf. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

40. Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain—United States, 2016. MMWR. 2016;65(1):1-49.

41. Webster L. Will CDC Opioid Guidelines Help Reduce Overdoses? Available at https://www.painnewsnetwork.org/stories/2016/4/25/will-cdc-opioid-guidelines-help-reduce-overdoses. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

42. Ciccone TG, Kean N. Responses and Criticisms Over New CDC Opioid Prescribing Guidelines. Available at https://www.practicalpainmanagement.com/resources/news-and-research/responses-criticisms-over-new-cdc-opioid-prescribing-guidelines. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

43. Samp RA. Letter to the CDC ATS DR. Available at https://s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/washlegal-uploads/upload/litigation/misc/CDCFOIARequest-Opioids.pdf. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

44. Kroenke K, Alford DP, Argoff C, et al. Challenges with implementing the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention opioid guideline: a consensus panel report. Pain Med. 2019;20(4):724-735.

45. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Process for Updating the Opioid prescribing Guideline. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/opioids/guideline-update/index.html. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

46. Federal Register. Proposed 2022 CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids. Available at https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/02/10/2022-02802/proposed-2022-cdc-clinical-practice-guideline-for-prescribing-opioids. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Proposed 2022 CDC clinical practice guideline for prescribing opioids. Fed Register. 2022;87(28):7838-7840.

48. Alford DP. Opioid prescribing for chronic pain: achieving the right balance through education. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(4):301-303.

49. Wallwork RS, Chipidza FE, Stern TA. Obstacles to the prescription and use of opioids. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2016;18(1):10.

50. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guidelines: Use of Opioids in the Management of Chronic Pain (2022). Available at https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/Pain/cot/. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

51. Chou R, Fanciullo GJ, Fine PG, et al. Clinical guidelines for the use of chronic opioid therapy in chronic noncancer pain. J Pain. 2009;10(2):113-130.

52. The Florida Senate. CS/CS/HB 21: Controlled Substances. Available at https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2018/21. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

53. Argoff CE, Silvershein DI. A comparison of long- and short-acting opioids for the treatment of chronic noncancer pain: tailoring therapy to meet patient needs. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84(7):602-612.

54. McCarberg BH, Barkin RL. Long-acting opioids for chronic pain: pharmacotherapeutic opportunities to enhance compliance, quality of life, and analgesia. Am J Ther. 2001;8(3):181-186.

55. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Adult Cancer Pain, V.2.2022. Available at https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/pain.pdf. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

56. Florida Board of Medicine. Florida Statutes and Administrative Codes: Florida Administrative Codes: Chapter 64B8: Board of Medicine: Rule Chapter: 64B8-9: Rule No. 64B8-9.013 Standards for the Prescribing of Controlled Substances for the Treatment of Acute Pain. Available at https://flboardofmedicine.gov/resources/. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

57. Utah Department of Health, Utah Medical Association. Utah Clinical Guidelines on Prescribing Opioids for Treatment of Pain: 2018. Available at https://vipp.health.utah.gov/wp-content/uploads/Opioid-Clinical-Guidelines.pdf. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

58. Sloan P. Update on extended-release opioids in pain management. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2014;11(2):155-158.

59. Federation of State Medical Boards. Model Policy for the Use of Opioid Analgesics in the Treatment of Chronic Pain. Washington, DC: Federation of State Medical Boards; 2013.

60. Cheatle MD, Barker C. Improving opioid prescription practices and reducing patient risk in the primary care setting. J Pain Res. 2014;7:301-311.

61. Nadeau SE. Opioids for chronic noncancer pain. To prescribe or not to prescribe: what is the question? Neurology. 2015;85(7):646-651.

62. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Guidance: Medication Guides: Distribution Requirements and Inclusion in Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS). Available at https://www.fda.gov/media/79776/download. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

63. Manchikanti L, Abdi S, Atluri S, et al. American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians (ASIPP) guidelines for responsible opioid prescribing in chronic non-cancer pain: part 2—guidance. Pain Physician. 2012;15(3 Suppl):S67-S116.

64. Webster LR, Webster RM. Predicting aberrant behaviors in opioid-treated patients: preliminary validation of the opioid risk tool. Pain Med. 2005;6(6):432-442.

65. Opioid Risk Tool. Available at https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/opioidrisktool.pdf. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

66. Butler SF, Budman SH, Fernandez KC, Fanciullo GJ, Jamison RN. Cross-validation of a Screener to Predict Opioid Misuse in Chronic Pain Patients (SOAPP-R). J Addict Med. 2009;3(2):66-73.

67. Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients with Pain (SOAPP) Version 1.0-SF. Available at https://www.mcstap.com/docs/SOAPP-5.pdf. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

68. Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Clinical Guidelines for the Use of Buprenorphine in the Treatment of Opioid Addiction. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2004.

69. Health Resources and Services Administration. CAGE-AID Substance Abuse Screening Tool. Available at https://www.hrsa.gov/behavioral-health/cage-aid-substance-abuse-screening-tool. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

70. Fine PG, Finnegan T, Portenoy RK. Protect your patients, protect your practice: practical risk assessment in the structuring of opioid therapy in chronic pain. J Fam Pract. 2010;59(9 Suppl 2):S1-S16.

71. DIRE Score: Patient Selection for Chronic Opioid Analgesia. Available at https://amdg.wa.gov/Files/AssessmentTools/11-DIRE_score.pdf. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

72. Katz NP. Opioid Prescribing Toolkit: A Workbook for Clinicians. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2010.

73. Dalal S, Bruera E. Assessment and management of pain in the terminally ill. Prim Care Clin Office Pract. 2011;38(2):195-223.

74. Berger AM, Shuster JL, Von Roenn JH (eds). Principles & Practice of Palliative Care & Supportive Oncology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013.

75. Matteliano D, St. Marie BJ, Oliver J. Adherence monitoring with chronic opioid therapy for persistent pain: a biopsychosocial-spiritual approach to mitigate risk. Pain Manag Nurs. 2014;15(1):391-405.

76. Strickland JM, Huskey A, Brushwood DB. Pharmacist-physician collaboration in pain management practice. J Opioid Manag. 2007;3(6):295-301.

77. Crespi-Lofton J. VIGIL: answer the question "Is it legitimate?" Pharm Today. 2006;12(1):1.

78. Tanzi MG. VIGIL helps pharmacists screen controlled substances: goal is controlling diversion. Pharm Today. 2012:58.

79. Passik SD, Kirsh KL, Whitcomb L, et al. A new tool to assess and document pain outcomes in chronic pain patients receiving opioid therapy. Clin Ther. 2004;26(4):552-561.

80. Pain Assessment and Documentation Tool. Available at https://nida.nih.gov/sites/default/files/PainAssessmentDocumentationTool.pdf. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

81. Atluri SL, Akbik H, Sudarshan G. Prevention of opioid abuse in chronic non-cancer pain: an algorithmic, evidence-based approach. Pain Physician. 2012;15(3 Suppl):ES177-ES189.

82. Baxter J. Minimizing the Misuse of Prescription Opioids in Patients with Chronic Nonmalignant Pain. Available at https://www.drugabuse.gov/nidamed/centers-excellence/resources/minimizing-misuse-prescription-opioids-in-patients-chronic-nonmalignant-pain. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

83. American College of Preventive Medicine. Use, Abuse, Misuse and Disposal of Prescription Pain Medication Time Tool. Available at https://cdn.ymaws.com/acpm.site-ym.com/resource/resmgr/timetools-files/painmedsclinicalreference.pdf. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

84. Office of National Drug Control Policy. Proper Disposal of Prescription Drugs. Available at https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/ondcp/prescrip_disposal.pdf. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

85. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Drug Disposal: FDA's Flush List for Certain Medicines. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/disposal-unused-medicines-what-you-should-know/drug-disposal-fdas-flush-list-certain-medicines#FlushList. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

86. Campbell G, Hall WD, Peacock A, et al. Effect of cannabis use in people with chronic non-cancer pain prescribed opioids: findings from a 4-year prospective cohort study. Lancet Public Health. 2018;3(7):e341-e350.

87. Merlin JS, Long D, Becker WC, et al. Marijuana use is not associated with changes in opioid prescriptions or pain severity among people living with HIV and chronic pain. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019;81(2):231-237.

88. Mucke M, Phillips T, Radbruch L, Petzke F, Hauser W. Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;3:CD012182.

89. Wheeler E, Davidson PJ, Jones TS, Irwin KS. Community-based opioid overdose prevention programs providing naloxone—United States, 2010. MMWR. 2012;61(6):101-105.

90. Florida Legislature. 381.887 Emergency Treatment for Suspected Opioid Overdose. Available at http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=0300-0399/0381/Sections/0381.887.html. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

91. Gutstein HB, Akil H. Opioid analgesics. In: Brunton L, Parker K, Lazo J, Buxton I, Blumenthal D (eds). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 12th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011: 547-590.

92. van den Brink W, Haasen C. Evidence-based treatment of opioid-dependent patients. Can J Psychiatry. 2006;51(10):635-646.

93. Lexicomp Online. Available at https://online.lexi.com/lco/action/login. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

94. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Risk for overdose from methadone used for pain relief—United States, 1999–2010. MMWR. 2012;61(26):493-497.

95. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. Drug Scheduling. Available at https://www.dea.gov/drug-scheduling. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

96. Florida Legislature. Chapter 893: Drug Abuse Prevention and Control. Available at http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0800-0899/0893/0893.html. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

97. The 2022 Florida Statutes. Chapter 893: Drug Abuse Prevention and Control: 893.033: Listed Chemicals. Available at http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0800-0899/0893/0893.html. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

98. U.S. Department of Justice. Drug Enforcement Administration. Diversion Control Division. ARCOS Retail Drug Summary Reports. Available at https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/arcos/retail_drug_summary/. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

99. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS). Available at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/data-we-collect/teds-treatment-episode-data-set. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

100. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Health Statistics. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/deaths.htm. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

101. RADARS System. Available at https://www.radars.org/. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

102. Florida Legislature. 893.055 Prescription Drug Monitoring Program. Available at http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0800-0899/0893/Sections/0893.055.html. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

103. Data Submission Dispenser Guide. Florida Department of Health Prescription Drug Monitoring Program: E-FORCSE: 2018. Available at http://rxsentry.net/assets/files/flpdms/2018/FL_Dispenser_Guide_V1.pdf. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

104. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Key Substance Use and Mental Health Indicators in the United States: Results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Available at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt35325/NSDUHFFRPDFWHTMLFiles2020/2020NSDUHFFR1PDFW102121.pdf. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

105. Sekhon R, Aminjavahery N, Davis CN Jr, et al. Compliance with opioid treatment guidelines for chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) in primary care at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC). Pain Med. 2013;14(10):1548-1556.

106. Meier B. Increase in Urine Testing Raises Ethical Questions. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/02/business/increase-in-urine-testing-raises-ethical-questions.html?_r=0. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

107. Passik SD. Issues in long-term opioid therapy: unmet needs, risks, and solutions. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84(7):593-601.

108. Holliday S, Hayes C, Dunlop A. Opioid use in chronic non-cancer pain. Part 2: prescribing issues and alternatives. Australian Fam Physician. 2013;42(3):104-111.

109. U.S. Department of Justice Diversion Control Division. Don't Be Scammed By A Drug Abuser. Available at https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/pubs/brochures/drugabuser.htm. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

110. American Medical Association. Terminating a Patient-Physician Relationship. Code of Medical Ethics: Opinion 1.1.5. Available at https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/terminating-patient-physician-relationship. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

111. Bolen J. Discharging Patients Who Abuse Controlled Substances. Available at https://www.painmedicinenews.com/Policy-Management/Article/04-06/Discharging-Patients-Who-Abuse-Controlled-Substances/4340. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

112. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. What is a Prescriber's Role in Preventing the Diversion of Prescription Drugs? Available at https://www.cms.gov/files/document/drugdiversion022316pdf#. Last accessed August 4, 2022.

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.