Works Cited

Female Sexual Dysfunction

Course #93032 - $30 -

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.

1. Shifren JL, Monz BU, Russo PA, Segreti A, Johannes CB. Sexual problems and distress in United States women: prevalence and correlates. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112(5):970-978.

2. Laumann EO, Paik A, Rosen RC. Sexual dysfunction in the United States: prevalence and predictors. JAMA. 1999;281(6):537-544.

3. Laumann EO, Nicolosi A, Glasser DB, et al. Sexual problems among women and men aged 40–80 y: prevalence and correlates identified in the Global Study of Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors. Int J Impot Res. 2005;17(1):39-57.

4. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Text Revision. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2022.

5. Parish SH, Nappi RE, Krychman ML, et al. Impact of vulvovaginal health on postmenopausal women: a review of surveys on symptoms of vulvovaginal atrophy. Int J Womens Health. 2013;5:437-447.

6. Giraldi A, Rellini AH, Pfaus J, Laan E. Female sexual arousal disorders. J Sex Med. 2013;10(1):58-73.

7. Woodis CB, McLendon AN, Muzyk AJ. Testosterone supplementation for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women. Pharmacotherapy. 2012;32(1):38-53.

8. Kingsberg SA, Woodard T. Female sexual dysfunction: focus on low desire. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;125(2):477-486.

9. Angel K. Contested psychiatric ontology and feminist critique: "female sexual dysfunction" and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Hist Human Sci. 2012;25(4):3-24.

10. Althof SE, McMahon CG, Waldinger MD, et al. An update of the International Society of Sexual Medicine's guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of premature ejaculation (PE). J Sex Med. 2014;11(6):1392-1422.

11. Jannini EA, Isidori AM, Aversa A, Lenzi A. Althof SE. Which is first? The controversial issue of precedence in the treatment of male sexual dysfunctions. J Sex Med. 2013;10(10):2359-2369.

12. Mercer CH. Sexual behaviour. Medicine (Abingdon). 2014;42(6):291-293.

13. Marnash ML, Casey PM. Understanding women's sexual health: a case-based approach. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83(12):1382-1387.

14. Nappi RE, Cucinella L. Advances in pharmacotherapy for treating female sexual dysfunction. Exp Opin Pharmacotherapy. 2015;16(6):875-887.

15. Basson R. Human sex-response cycles. J Sex Marital Ther. 2001;27(1):33-43.

16. Basson R. A model of women's sexual arousal. J Sex Marital Ther. 2002;28(1):1-10.

17. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Text Revision. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.

18. Poels S, Bloemers J, van Rooij K, Kopperschaar H, Olivier B, Tuiten A. Two novel combined drug treatments for women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2014;121:71-79.

19. Lamont J, Bajzak K, Bouchard C, et al. No. 279-female sexual health consensus clinical guidelines. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2018;40(6):e451-e503.

20. Meston CM, Hull E, Levin RJ, Sipski M. Disorders of orgasm in women. J Sex Med. 2004;1(1):66-68.

21. Wierman ME, Arlt W, Basson R, et al. Androgen therapy in women: a reappraisal. An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(10):3489-3510.

22. Meston CM, Buss DM. Why humans have sex. Arch Sex Behav. 2007;36(4):477-507.

23. Seehusen DA, Baird DC, Bode DV. Dyspareunia in women. Am Fam Physician. 2014;90(7):465-470.

24. Portman D, Palacios S, Nappi RE, Mueck AO. Ospemifene, a non-oestrogen selective oestrogen receptor modulator for the treatment of vaginal dryness associated with postmenopausal vulvar and vaginal atrophy: a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase III trial. Maturitas. 2014;78(2):91-98.

25. Kingsberg SA, Wysocki S, Magnus L, Krychman ML. Vulvar and vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women: findings from the REVIVE (Real Women's Views of Treatment Options for Menopausal Vaginal Changes) survey. J Sex Med. 2013;10(7):1790-1799.

26. Constantine G, Graham S, Portman DJ, Rosen RC, Kingsberg SA. Female sexual function improved with ospemifene in postmenopausal women with vulvar and vaginal atrophy: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Climacteric. 2015;18(2):226-232.

27. Rosen R, Brown C, Heiman J, et al. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI): a multidimensional self-report instrument for the assessment of female sexual function. J Sex Marital Ther. 2000;26(2):191-208.

28. Derogatis LR, Rosen R, Leiblum S, Burnett A, Heiman J. The Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS): initial validation of a standardized scale for assessment of sexually related personal distress for women. J Sex Marital Ther. 2002;28(4):317-330.

29. Lewis RW, Fugl-Meyer KS, Corona G, et al. Definitions/epidemiology/risk factors for sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2010;7 (4 Pt 2):1598-1607.

30. West SL, D'Aloisio AA, Agans RP, Kalsbeek WD, Borisov NN, Thorp JM. Prevalence of low sexual desire and hypoactive sexual desire disorder in a nationally representative sample of U.S. women. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(13):1441-1449.

31. Harlow BL, Wise LA, Stewart EG. Prevalence and predictors of chronic lower genital discomfort. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185(3):545-550.

32. Goetsch M. Vulvar vestibulitis: prevalence and historic features in a general gynecologic practice population. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1991;164(6 Pt 1):1609-1614.

33. Arnold LD, Bachmann GA, Rosen R, Rhoads GG. Assessment of vulvodynia symptoms in a sample of U.S. women: a prevalence survey with a nested case control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;196(2):128.e1-6.

34. Rosen RC, Connor MK, Maserejian NN. The HSDD registry for women: a novel patient registry for women with generalized acquired hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Sex Med. 2010;7(5):1747-1756.

35. Bhasin S, Enzlin P, Coviello A, Basson R. Sexual dysfunction in men and women with endocrine disorders. Lancet. 2007;369(9561):597-611.

36. Atis G, Dalkilinc A, Altuntas Y, et al. Hyperthyroidism: a risk factor for female sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2011;8(8):2327-2333.

37. Gulmez H, Akin Y, Savas M, et al. Impact of iron supplementation on sexual dysfunction of women with iron deficiency anemia in short term: a preliminary study. J Sex Med. 2014;11(4):1042-1046.

38. Hallikas J, Weller R, Morse C. Effects of regular marijuana on sexual performance. J Psychoactive Drugs. 1982;14(1-2):59-70.

39. Kasman AM, Bhambhvani HP, Wilson-King G, Eisenberg ML. Assessment of the association of cannabis on female sexual function with the Female Sexual Function Index. Sex Med. 2020;8(4):699-708.

40. Palha A, Esteves M. A study of the sexuality of opiate addicts. J Sex Marital Ther. 2002;28(5):427-437.

41. Farnia V, Shakeri J, Tatari F, AhmadiJuibari T, Yazdchi K, Abdoli N. The evaluation of sexual dysfunction among male patients with methamphetamine abuse and withdrawal. J Subst Use. 2015;20(5):363-366.

42. Henderson D, Boyd CJ, Whitmarsh J. Women and illicit drugs: sexuality and crack cocaine. Health Care Women Int. 1995;16(2):113-124.

43. Lorvick J, Bourgois P, Wenger LD, et al. Sexual pleasure and sexual risk among women who use methamphetamine: a mixed methods study. Int J Drug Policy. 2013;23(5):385-392.

44. Derogatis LR, Psychiatric Times. Female Sexual Dysfunction. What We Know, What We Suspect, and Enduring Enigmas. Available at https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/articles/female-sexual-dysfunctionwhat-we-know-what-we-suspect-and-enduring-enigmas. Last accessed November 15, 2022.

45. Harte CB, Meston CM. The inhibitory effects of nicotine on physiological sexual arousal in nonsmoking women: results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. J Sex Med. 2008;5(5):1184-1197.

46. Wouters H, Van Dijk L, Van Geffen EC, Gardarsdottir H, Stiggelbout AM, Bouvy ML. Primary-care patients' trade-off preferences with regard to antidepressants. Psychol Med. 2014;44(11):2301-2308.

47. Serretti A, Chiesa A. Treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction related to antidepressants: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;29(3):259-266.

48. Ali SK, Reveles KR, Davis R, Mortensen EM, Frei CR, Mansi I. The association of statin use and gonado-sexual function in women: a retrospective cohort analysis. J Sex Med. 2015;12(1):83-92.

49. Levine KB, Williams RE, Hartmann KE. Vulvovaginal atrophy is strongly associated with female sexual dysfunction among sexually active postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2008;15(4 Pt 1):661-666.

50. Dennerstein L, Lehert P, Burger H, Dudley E. Factors affecting sexual functioning of women in the mid-life years. Climacteric. 1999;2(4):254-262.

51. von Hippel C, Adhia A, Rosenberg S, Austin SB, Partridge A, Tamimi R. Sexual function among women in midlife: findings from the Nurses' Health Study II. Womens Health Issues. 2019;29(4):291-298.

52. Fisher WA, Byrne D, White LA, Kelley K. Erotophobia-erotophilia as a dimension of personality. J Sex Res. 1988;25(1):123-151.

53. Weaver AD, Byers ES. The relationships among body image, body mass index, exercise and sexual functioning in heterosexual women. Psychol Women Q. 2006;30(4):333-339.

54. de Lucena BB, Abdo CHN. Personal factors that contribute to or impair women's ability to achieve orgasm. Int J Impot Res. 2014;26(5):177-181.

55. Afari N, Ahumada SM, Wright LJ, et al. Psychological trauma and functional somatic syndromes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosom Med. 2014;76(1):2-11.

56. Cichowski SB, Dunivan GC, Komesu YM, et al. Sexual abuse history and pelvic floor disorders in women. South Med J. 2013;106(12):675-678.

57. Stephenson KR, Hughan CP, Meston CM. Childhood sexual abuse moderates the association between sexual functioning and sexual distress in women. Child Abuse Negl. 2012;36(2):180-189.

58. Schloredt K, Heiman J. Perceptions of sexuality as related to sexual functioning and sexual risk in women with different types of childhood abuse histories. J Trauma Stress. 2003;16(3):275-284.

59. Baldwin DS, Foong T. Antidepressant drugs and sexual dysfunction. Br J Psychiatry. 2013;202(6):396-397.

60. Williams K, Reynolds MF. Sexual dysfunction in major depression. CNS Spectr. 2006;11(Suppl 9):19-23.

61. Leonard LM, Follette VM. Sexual functioning in women reporting a history of child sexual abuse: clinical and empirical considerations. Annu Rev Sex Res. 2002;13:346-388.

62. Najman JM, Dunne MP, Purdie DM, Boyle FM, Coexter PD. Sexual abuse in childhood and sexual dysfunction in adulthood: an Australian population-based study. Arch Sex Behav. 2005;34(5):517-526.

63. Barlow DH. Causes of sexual dysfunction: the role of cognitive interference. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1986;54(2):140-148.

64. Elliott AN, O'Donahue WT. The effects of anxiety and distraction on sexual arousal in a nonclinical sample of heterosexual women. Arch Sex Behav. 1997;26(6):607-624.

65. Purdon C, Holdaway L. Non-erotic thoughts: content and relation to sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction. J Sex Res. 2006;43(2):154-162.

66. Pujols Y, Seal BN, Meston CM. The association between sexual satisfaction and body image in women. J Sex Med. 2010;7 (2 Pt 2):905-916.

67. Brotto LA, Bitzer J, Laan E, Leiblum S, Luria M. Women's sexual desire and arousal disorders. J Sex Med. 2010;7(1 Pt 2):586-614.

68. Lawrence K, Byers ES. Sexual satisfaction in long-term heterosexual relationship: the interpersonal exchange model of sexual satisfaction. Pers Relatsh. 1995;2(4):267-285.

69. Basson R. Female sexual response: the role of drugs in the management of sexual dysfunction. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;98(2):350-353.

70. MacNeil S, Byers ES. Dyadic assessment of sexual self-disclosure and sexual satisfaction in heterosexual dating couples. J Soc Pers Relat. 2005;22(2):169-181.

71. MacNeil S, Byers ES. Role of sexual self-disclosure in the sexual satisfaction of long-term heterosexual couples. J Sex Res. 2009;46(1):1-12.

72. Nappi RE, Kokot-Kierepa M. Vaginal health: insights, views & attitudes (VIVA)—results from an international survey. Climacteric. 2012;15(1):36-44.

73. Goldstein I, Dicks B, Kim NN, et al. Multidisciplinary overview of vaginal atrophy and associated genitourinary symptoms in post-menopausal women. Sex Med. 2013;1(2):44-53.

74. Gordon D, Gardella C, Eschenbach D, Mitchell CM. High prevalence of sexual dysfunction in a vulvovaginal specialty clinic.J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2016;20(1):80-84.

75. Burrows LJ, Klingman D, Pukall CF, Goldstein AT. Umbilical hypersensitivity in women with primary vestibulodynia. J Reprod Med. 2008;53(6):413-416.

76. Farmer MA, Meston CM. Predictors of genital pain in young women. Arch Sex Behav. 2007;36(6):831-843.

77. Bouchard C, Brisson J, Fortier M, Morin C, Blanchette C. Use of oral contraceptive pills and vulvar vestibulitis: a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156(3):254-261.

78. Greenstein A, Ben-Aroya Z, Fass O, et al. Vulvar vestibulitis syndrome and estrogen dose of oral contraceptive pills. J Sex Med. 2007;4(6):1679-1683.

79. Bohm-Starke N, Johannesson U, Hilliges M, Rylander E, Torebjörk E. Decreased mechanical pain threshold in the vestibular mucosa of women using oral contraceptives: a contributing factor in vulvar vestibulitis? J Reprod Med. 2004;49(11):888-892.

80. Burrows LJ, Goldstein AT. The treatment of vestibulodynia with topical estradiol and testosterone. Sex Med. 2013;1(1):30-33.

81. Edgardh K, Abdelnoor M. Vulvar vestibulitis and risk factors: a population-based case-control study in Oslo. Acta Derm Venereol. 2007;87(4):350-354.

82. Lee M, Morgan M, Rapkin A. Clitoral and vulvar vestibular sensation in women taking 20 mcg ethinyl estradiol combined oral contraceptives: a preliminary study. J Sex Med. 2011;8(1):213-218.

83. Watts G, Nettle D. The role of anxiety in vaginismus: a case-control study. J Sex Med. 2010;7(1 Pt 1):143-148.

84. North American Menopause Society. Management of symptomatic vulvovaginal atrophy: 2013 position statement of The North American Menopause Society. Menopause. 2013;20(9):888-902.

85. Althof SE, Rosen RC, Perelman MA, Rubio-Aurioles E. Standard operating procedures for taking a sexual history. J Sex Med. 2013;10(1):26-35.

86. Bitzer J, Giraldi A, Pfaus J. A standardized diagnostic interview for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women: standard operating procedure (SOP Pt 2). J Sex Med. 2013;10(1):50-57.

87. Arnold LD, Bachmann GA, Rosen R, Kelly S, Rhoads GG. Vulvodynia: characteristics and associations with comorbidities and quality of life. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107(3):617-624.

88. Plante AF, Kamm MA. Life events in patients with vulvodynia. BJOG. 2008;115(4):509-514.

89. Lamont JA. Vaginismus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1978;131(6):633-636.

90. Steege JF, Zolnoun DA. Evaluation and treatment of dyspareunia. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;113(5):1124-1136.

91. Wylie K. Assessment and management of sexual problems in women. J R Soc Med. 2007;100(12):547-550.

92. Nappi R, Salonia A, Traish AM, et al. Clinical biologic pathophysiologies of women's sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2005;2(1): 4-25.

93. Berman JR. Physiology of female sexual function and dysfunction. Int J Impot Res. 2005;17(Suppl 1):S44-S51.

94. Kennedy SH, Dickens SE, Eisfeld BS, Bagby RM. Sexual dysfunction before antidepressant therapy in major depression. J Affect Disord. 1999;56(2-3):201-208.

95. Stimmel GL, Gutierrez MA. Sexual dysfunction and psychotropic medications. CNS Spectr. 2006;11(8 Suppl 9):24-30.

96. Doumas M, Tsiodras S, Tsakiris A, et al. Female sexual dysfunction in essential hypertension: a common problem being uncovered. J Hypertens. 2006;24(12):2387-2392.

97. Binik YM, Hall KSK (eds). Principles and Practice of Sexual Therapy. 5th ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2014.

98. Althof S. Sexual therapy in the age of pharmacotherapy. Ann Rev Sex Res. 2006;17(1):116-132.

99. Althof S. When an erection alone is not enough: biopsychosocial obstacles to lovemaking. Int J Impot Res. 2002;14(Suppl 1): S99-S104.

100. Bradford A. Inhibited sexual desire in women. In: Grossman LR, Walfish S, (eds). Translating Psychological Research into Practice. New York, NY: Springer; 2014: 515-518.

101. Frühauf S, Gerger H, Schmidt HM, Munder T, Barth J. Efficacy of psychological interventions for sexual dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Sex Behav. 2013;42(6):915-933.

102. Günzler C, Berner MM. Efficacy of psychosocial interventions in men and women with sexual dysfunctions—a systematic review of controlled clinical trials: part 2—the efficacy of psychosocial interventions for female sexual dysfunction. J Sex Med. 2012;9(12):3108-3125.

103. Reis SLB, Abdo CHN. Benefits and risks of testosterone treatment for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in women: a critical review of studies published in the decades preceding and succeeding the advent of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. Clinics. 2014;69(4):294-303.

104. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archive: Press Release. FDA Approves First Treatment for Sexual Desire Disorder. Available at https://wayback.archive-it.org/7993/20170112023753/http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm458734.htm. Last accessed November 15, 2022.

105. BioSpace. Sprout Pharmaceuticals Resubmits Flibanserin New Drug Application For The Treatment Of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder In Premenopausal Women. Available at https://www.biospace.com/article/releases/sprout-pharmaceuticals-resubmits-flibanserin-new-drug-application-for-the-treatment-of-hypoactive-sexual-desire-disorder-in-premenopausal-women-/. Last accessed November 15, 2022.

106. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves New Treatment for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Premenopausal Women. Available at https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-treatment-hypoactive-sexual-desire-disorder-premenopausal-women. Last accessed November 15, 2022.

107. Long CY, Liu CM, Hsu SC, Wu CH, Wang CL, Tsai EM. A randomized comparative study of the effects of oral and topical estrogen therapy on the vaginal vascularization and sexual function in hysterectomized postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2006;13(5):737-743.

108. Cardozo L, Bachmann G, McClish D, Fonda D, Birgerson L. Meta-analysis of estrogen therapy in the management of urogenital atrophy in postmenopausal women: second report of the Hormones and Urogenital Therapy Committee. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;92(4 Pt 2):722-727.

109. Baumgart J, Nilsson K, Evers AS, Kallak TK, Poromaa IS. Sexual dysfunction in women on adjuvant endocrine therapy after breast cancer. Menopause. 2013;20(2):162-168.

110. Whelan TJ, Goss PE, Ingle JN, et al. Assessment of quality of life in MA.17: a randomized placebo-controlled trial of letrozole after 5 years of tamoxifen in postmenopausal women. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(28):6931-6940.

111. Whelan TJ, Pritchard KI. Managing patients on endocrine therapy: focus on quality-of-life issues. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(3 Pt 2):1056s-1060s.

112. Cui Y, Zong H, Yan H, Li N, Zhang Y. The efficacy and safety of ospemifene in treating dyspareunia associated with postmenopausal vulvar and vaginal atrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sex Med. 2014;11(2):487-497.

113. Goldstein SR, Bachmann GA, Koninckx PR, Lin VH, Portman D, Ylikorkala O. Ospemifene 12-month safety and efficacy in postmenopausal women with vulvar and vaginal atrophy. Climacteric. 2014;17(2):173-182.

114. Tamimi RM, Hankinson SE, Chen WY, Rosner B, Colditz GA. Combined estrogen and testosterone use and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(14):1483-1489.

115. van Staa T, Sprafka, J. Study of adverse outcomes in women using testosterone therapy. Maturitas. 2009;62(1):76-80.

116. Nachtigall L, Casson P, Lucas J, Schofield V, Melson C, Simon JA. Safety and tolerability of testosterone patch therapy for up to 4 years in surgically menopausal women receiving oral or transdermal oestrogen. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2011;27(1):39-48.

117. Davis SR, Braunstein GD. Efficacy and safety of testosterone in the management of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in post-menopausal women. J Sex Med. 2012;9(4):1134-1148.

118. Davis SR. Cardiovascular and cancer safety of testosterone in women. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2011;18(3):198-203.

119. Dahir M, Travers-Gustafson D. Breast cancer, aromatase inhibitor therapy, and sexual functioning: a pilot study of the effects of vaginal testosterone therapy. Sex Med. 2014;2(1):8-15.

120. Witherby S, Johnson J, Demers L, et al. Topical testosterone for breast cancer patients with vaginal atrophy related to aromatase inhibitors: a phase I/II study. Oncologist. 2011;16(4):424-431.

121. Raghunandan C, Agrawal S, Dubey P, Choudhury M, Jain A. A comparative study of the effects of local estrogen with or without local testosterone on vulvovaginal and sexual dysfunction in post-menopausal women. J Sex Med. 2010;7(3):1284-1290.

122. Melisko ME, Goldman ME, Hwang J, et al. Vaginal testosterone cream vs estradiol vaginal ring for vaginal dryness or decreased libido in women receiving aromatase inhibitors for early-stage breast cancer: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3(3):313-319.

123. Genazzani AR, Stomati M, Valentino V, et al. Effect of 1-year, low-dose DHEA therapy on climacteric symptoms and female sexuality. Climacteric. 2011;14(6):661-668.

124. Bloch M, Meiboom H, Zaig I, Schreiber S, Abramov L. The use of dehydroepiandrosterone in the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder: a report of gender differences. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;23(8):910-918.

125. Labrie F, Archer D, Bouchard C, et al. Effect of intravaginal dehydroepiandrosterone (Prasterone) on libido and sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2009;16(5):923-931.

126. Labrie F, Archer D, Bouchard C, et al. Lack of influence of dyspareunia on the beneficial effect of intravaginal prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA) on sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women. J Sex Med. 2014;11(7):1766-1785.

127. Salvatore S, Nappi RE, Parma M, et al. Sexual function after fractional microablative CO2 laser in women with vulvovaginal atrophy. Climacteric. 2015;18(2):219-225.

128. Zolnoun D, Hartmann KE, Steege JF. Overnight 5% lidocaine ointment for treatment of vulvar vestibulitis. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102(1):84-87.

129. Goldstein A. Surgical techniques: surgery for vulvar vestibulitis syndrome. J Sex Med. 2006;3(3):559-562.

130. Goldstein AT, Klingman D, Christopher K, Johnson C, Marainoff SC. Surgical treatment of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: outcome assessment derived from a postoperative questionnaire. J Sex Med. 2006;3(5):923-931.

131. Zoorob D, South M, Karram M, et al. A pilot randomized trial of levator injections versus physical therapy for treatment of pelvic floor myalgia and sexual pain. Int Urogynecol. 2015;26(6):845-852.

132. Dmitrovic R, Kunselman AR, Legro RS. Sildenafil citrate in the treatment of pain in primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized controlled trial. Hum Reprod. 2013;28(11):2958-2965.

133. Stahl SM, Sommer B, Allers KA. Multifunctional pharmacology of flibanserin: possible mechanism of therapeutic action in hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Sex Med. 2011;8(1):15-27.

134. Joffe HV, Chang C, Sewell C, et al. FDA approval of flibanserin: treating hypoactive sexual desire disorder. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(2):101-104.

135. LexiComp Online. Available at https://online.lexi.com. Last accessed November 15, 2022.

136. Segraves RT, Croft H, Kavoussi R, et al. Bupropion sustained release (SR) for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in nondepressed women. J Sex Marital Ther. 2001;27(3):303-316.

137. Safarinejad MR, Hosseini SY, Asgari MA, Dadkhah F, Taghva A. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of bupropion for treating hypoactive sexual desire disorder in ovulating women. BJU Int. 2010;106(6):832-839.

138. Liao Q, Zhang M, Geng L, et al. Efficacy and safety of alprostadil cream for the treatment of female sexual arousal disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in Chinese population. J Sex Med. 2008;5(8):1923-1931.

139. Caruso S, Agnello C, Intelisano G, Farina M, Di Mari L, Cianci A. Placebo-controlled study on efficacy and safety of daily apomorphine SL intake in premenopausal women affected by hypoactive sexual desire disorder and sexual arousal disorder. Urology. 2004;63(5):955-959.

140. Bechara A, Bertolino MV, Casabé A, et al. A double-blind randomized placebo control study comparing the objective and subjective changes in female sexual response using sublingual apomorphine. J Sex Med. 2004;1(2):209-214.

141. Fabre LF, Brown CS, Smith LC, Derogatis LR. Gepirone-ER treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) associated with depression in women. J Sex Med. 2011;8(5):1411-1419.

142. Poels S, Bloemers J, van Rooij K, et al. Toward personalized sexual medicine (part 2): testosterone combined with a PDE5 inhibitor increases sexual satisfaction in women with HSDD and FSAD, and a low sensitive system for sexual cues. J Sex Med. 2013;10(3):810-823.

143. Bottari A, Belcaro G, Ledda A, Luzzi R, Cesarone MR, Dugall M. Lady Prelox® improves sexual function in generally healthy women of reproductive age.Minerva Ginecol. 2013;65(4):435-444.

144. Meston CM, Rellini AH, Telch MJ. Short- and long-term effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on sexual dysfunction in women. Arch Sex Behav. 2008;37(4):530-547.

145. Pebdani MA, Taavoni S, Seyedfatemi N, Haghani H. Triple-blind placebo-controlled trial of ginkgo biloba extract on sexual desire in postmenopausal women in Tehran. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2014;19(3):262-265.

146. Roman P, Ortiz-Rodriguez A, Romero-Lopez A, et al. The influence of cannabis and alcohol use on sexuality: an observational study in young people (18-30 years). Healthcare (Basel). 2021;10(1):71.

147. Lynn BK, López JD, Miller C, Thompson J, Campian EC. The relationship between marijuana use prior to sex and sexual function in women. Sex Med. 2019;7(2):192-197.

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.