Works Cited

Racial Trauma: The African American Experience

Course #76920 - $30 -

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  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.

1. Alonso AF, Barros-Del Rio MA. Resilience as a form of contestation in Langston Hughes' early poetry/La resiliencia como forma de contestación en la poesía temprana de Langston Hughes. Miscelánea: A Journal of English and American Studies. 2019;60:91-106.

2. Comas-Díaz L. Racial trauma recovery: a race-informed therapeutic approach to racial wounds. In: Alvarez AN, Liang CTH, Neville HA (eds). Cultural, Racial, and Ethnic Psychology Book Series: The Cost of Racism for People of Color: Contextualizing Experiences of Discrimination. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2016: 249-272.

3. Ranjbar N, Erb M, Mohammad O, Moreno FA. Trauma-informed care and cultural humility in the mental health care of people from minoritized communities. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ). 2020;18(1):8-15.

4. Evans AM, Hemmings C, Burkhalter C, Lacy V. Responding to race-related trauma: counseling and research recommendations to promote post-traumatic growth when counseling African American males. Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision. 2016;8(1).

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9. Karenga M. Trump's mind, mouth and fecal matters: racism's red meat and raw sewage. Journal of Pan African Studies. 2018;11(4).

10. American Psychiatric Association. Stress and Trauma Toolkit for Treating Historically Marginalized Populations in a Changing Political and Social Environment. Available at https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/cultural-competency/education/stress-and-trauma/general-treatment-recommendations. Last accessed April 23, 2021.

11. Spoont M, McClendon J. Racial and ethnic disparities in PTSD. PTSD Research Quarterly. 2020;4:1-12.

12. Resler M. Systems of Trauma: Racial Trauma. Available at http://www.fact.virginia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Racial-Trauma-Issue-Brief.pdf. Last accessed April 23, 2021.

13. Lebron D, Morrison L, Ferris D, et al. Facts Matter! Black Lives Matter! The Trauma of Racism. Available at https://www.issuelab.org/resources/23698/23698.pdf. Last accessed April 23, 2021.

14. Laboratory for Culture and Mental Health Disparities. Racial Trauma Research: Clinical Assessment of Racial Trauma. Available at https://www.mentalhealthdisparities.org/trauma-research.php. Last accessed April 23, 2021.

15. Kezelman C, Stavropoulos P. The Last Frontier: Practice Guidelines for Treatment of Complex Trauma and Trauma Informed Care and Service Delivery. Kirribilli: Adults Surviving Child Abuse; 2012.

16. Jennings A. Models for Developing Trauma-Informed Behavioral Health Systems and Trauma-Specific Services. Available at http://www.theannainstitute.org/MDT.pdf. Last accessed March 12, 2021.

17. International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. The ISTSS Expert Consensus Treatment Guidelines for Complex PTSD in Adults. Available at http://www.istss.org/ISTSS_Main/media/Documents/ComplexPTSD.pdf. Last accessed March 12, 2021.

18. Foa E. Effective Treatments for PTSD. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2009.

19. Sanders Thompson VL, Talley M, Caito N, Kreuter M. African American men's perceptions of factors influencing health-information seeking. Am J Mens Health. 2009;3(1):6-15.

20. Reynolds D. Prostate cancer screening in African American men: barriers and methods for improvement. Am J Mens Health. 2008;2(2):172-177.

21. Elder KT, Wiltshire JC, McRoy L, Campbell D, Gary LC, Safford M. Men and differences by racial/ethnic group in self-advocacy during the medical encounter. J Mens Health. 2010;7(2):135-144.

22. Courtenay WH. Key determinants of the health and well-being of men and boys. InternatJ Mens Health. 2003;2(1):1-30.

23. Sadovsky R, Levine L. Men's healthcare needs improvements: a recommendation for a midlife men's health assessment visit.J Mens Health Gender. 2005;2(3):375-381.

24. Assari S, Moazen-Zadeh E, Howard Caldwell C, Zimmerman MA. Racial discrimination during adolescence predicts mental health deterioration in adulthood: gender differences among Blacks. Front Public Health. 2017;5:104.

25. Work GB, Cropper R, Dalenberg C. Talking About Race in Trauma Psychotherapy. Available at https://societyforpsychotherapy.org/talking-about-race-in-trauma-psychotherapy. Last accessed April 23, 2021.

26. Lander NR, Nahon D. The Integrity Model: an existential approach in working with men, culture, and identity. Culture, Society and Masculinities. 2015;7(2): 73-86.

27. Gros DF, Flanagan JC, Korte KJ, Mills AC, Brady KT, Back SE. Relations between social support, PTSD symptoms, and substance use in veterans. Psychol Addict Behav. 2016;30(7):764-770.

28. Mattis JS, Jagers RJ. A relational framework for the study of religiosity and spirituality in the lives of African Americans.J Community Psychol. 2001;29(5):519-539.

29. Cosby R. Older African American adults: understanding the role of the Black church's support in the community. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work. 2020;39(4):353-371.

30. Newlin K, Knafl K, Melkus GD. African-American spirituality: a concept analysis. Adv Nurs Sci. 2002;25(2):57-70.

31. Ano GG, Vasconcelles EB. Religious coping and psychological adjustment to stress: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychol. 2005;61(4): 461-480.

32. The Joint Commission. Spiritual Beliefs and Preferences: Evaluating a Patient's Spiritual Needs Available at https://www.jointcommission.org/standards/standard-faqs/critical-access-hospital/provision-of-care-treatment-and-services-pc/000001669/. Last accessed April 14, 2021.

33. Warria A, Chikadzi V. Guidelines for social work spiritual counselling in human trafficking cases. Journal of Social Development in Africa. 2019;34(2):39-66.

34. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About the CDC-Kaiser ACE Study. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/about.html. Last accessed April 23, 2021.

35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/fastfact.html. Last accessed April 23, 2021.

36. Fagan AA, Novak A. Adverse childhood experiences and adolescent delinquency in a high-risk sample. Youth Violence & Juvenile Justice. 2018;16(4):395-417.

37. Rosinski A, Weiss RA, Clatch L. Childhood adverse events and adult physical and mental health: a national study. Psi Chi. 2018;23(1):40-50.

38. Greenbaum VJ. Child sex trafficking in the United States: challenges for the healthcare provider. Plos Med. 2017;14(11):e1002439.

39. Brandon DT, Isaac LA, LaVeist TA. The legacy of Tuskegee and trust in medical care: is Tuskegee responsible for race differences in mistrust of medical care? J Natl Med Assoc. 2005;97(7):951-956.

40. Davis RG, Ressler KJ, Schwartz AC, et al. Treatment barriers for low-income, urban African Americans with undiagnosed posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress. 2008;21:218-222.

41. Maguire-Jack K, Lanier P, Lombardi B. Investigating racial differences in clusters of adverse childhood experiences. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2020;90(1):106-114.

42. Center for American Progress. Racial Disparities in Home Appreciation. Available at https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/reports/2019/07/15/469838/racial-disparities-home-appreciation. Last accessed May 4, 2021.

43. The Sentencing Project. Report to the United Nations on Racial Disparities in the U.S. Criminal Justice System. Available at https://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/un-report-on-racial-disparities. Last accessed May 4, 2021.

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46. Hobfoll SE, Palmieri P, Johnson RJ, Canetti-Nisim D, Hall BJ. Trajectories of resilience, resistance, and distress during ongoing terrorism: the case of Jews and Arabs in Israel. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2009;77(1):138-148.

47. Taher R, Allan T. Posttraumatic growth in displaced Syrians in the UK: a mixed-methods approach. Journal of Loss and Trauma. 2020;25(4):1-15.

48. American Psychological Association. APA Guidelines on Race and Ethnicity in Psychology. Available at https://www.apa.org/about/policy/guidelines-race-ethnicity.pdf. Last accessed May 6, 2021.

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.