Works Cited

Prostate Cancer

Course #93884 - $30 -

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.

1. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, et al. Cancer statistics, 2022. CA Cancer J Clin. 2022;72(1):7-33.

2. American Cancer Society. American Cancer Society guideline for the early detection of prostate cancer: update 2010. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010;60(2):70-98.

3. Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, et al. (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 19752016. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 2019.

4. Crawford ED. Understanding the epidemiology, natural history, and key pathways involved in prostate cancer. Urology. 2009;73(Suppl 5):S4-S10.

5. Bostwick DG, Burke HB, Djakiew D, et al. Human prostate cancer risk factors. Cancer. 2004;101(10 Suppl):2371-2490.

6. DeSantis CE, Siegel RL, Sauer AG, et al. Cancer statistics for African Americans, 2016: Progress and opportunities in reducing racial disparities. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016;66(4):290-308.

7. Bell KJ, Del Mar C, Wright G, Dickinson J, Glasziou P. Prevalence of incidental prostate cancer: a systematic review of autopsy studies. Int J Cancer. 2015;137(7):1749-1757.

8. Platz EA, Giovannucci E. The epidemiology of sex steroid hormones and their signaling and metabolic pathways in the etiology of prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2004;92(4):237-253.

9. Brown BW, Brauner C, Minnotte MC. Noncancer deaths in white adult cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993;85(12):979-987.

10. Abdollah F, Sammon JD, Reznor G, et al. Medical androgen deprivation therapy and increased non-cancer mortality in non-metastatic prostate cancer patients aged ≥66 years. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2015;41(11):1529-1539.

11. Scardino PT. The Gordon Wilson lecture: natural history and treatment of early-stage prostate cancer. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2000;111:201-241.

12. Alva A, Hussain M. The changing natural history of metastatic prostate cancer. Cancer J. 2013;19(1):19-24.

13. Theodorescu D. Prostate cancer, clinical oncology. In: Schwab M (ed). Encyclopedic Reference of Cancer. 1st ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2001.

14. McNeal JE. The zonal anatomy of the prostate. Prostate. 1981;2(1):35-49.

15. Ahmed HU, Dickinson L, Charman S, et al. Focal ablation targeted to the index lesion in multifocal localised prostate cancer: a prospective development study. Eur Urol. 2015;68(6):927-936.

16. Huggins C, Hodges CV. Studies on prostate cancer: I. The effect of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol. 2002;168(1):9-12.

17. Wilbert DM, Griffin JE, Wilson JD. Characterization of the cytosol androgen receptor of the human prostate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983;56(1):113-120.

18. Marks LS. 5alpha-reductase: history and clinical importance. Rev Urol. 2004;6(suppl 9):S11-S21.

19. Zhu YS, Sun GH. 5α-reductase isoenzymes in the prostate. J Med Sci. 2005;25(1):1-12.

20. Catalona WJ, Smith DS, Ratliff TL, et al. Measurement of prostate-specific antigen in serum as a screening test for prostate cancer. N Eng J Med. 1991;324(17):1156-1161.

21. Okotie OT, Roehl KA, Han M, Loeb S, Gashti SN, Catalona WJ. Characteristics of prostate cancer detected by digital rectal examination only. Urology. 2007;70(6):1117-1120.

22. Loeb S, Schaeffer EM. Risk factors, prevention and early detection of prostate cancer. Prim Care. 2009;36(3):603-621.

23. Schwartz K, Deschere B, Xu J. Screening for prostate cancer: who and how often? J Fam Pract. 2005;54(7):586-596.

24. Nadler RB, Humphrey PA, Smith DS, Catalona WJ, Ratliff TL. Effect of the inflammation and benign prostatic hyperplasia on elevated serum prostate specific antigen levels. J Urol. 1995;154(2 Pt 1):407-413.

25. Nelson WG, DeWeese TL, DeMarzo AM. The diet, prostate inflammation, and the development of prostate cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2002;21(1):3-16.

26. Penson DF, Rossignol M, Sartor AO, Scardino PT, Abenhaim LL. Prostate cancer: epidemiology and health-related quality of life. Urology. 2008;72(Suppl 6):S3-S11.

27. Krumholtz JS, Carvalhal GF, Ramos CG, et al. Prostate-specific antigen cutoff of 2.6 ng/ml for prostate cancer screening is associated with favorable tumor features. Urology. 2002;60(3):469-474.

28. Gleason DF. Histologic grading and clinical staging of prostatic carcinoma. In: Tannenbaum M (ed). Urology Pathology: The Prostate. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger; 1977.

29. Carter HB, Allaf ME, Partin AW. Diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer. In: Wein A, Kovoussi L, Novick A, Partin A, Peters C (eds). Campbell-Walsh Urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2007: 2927.

30. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Prostate Cancer, Version 1.2023. Available at https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/prostate.pdf. Last accessed October 13, 2022.

31. Dall'Era MA, Kane CJ. Watchful waiting versus active surveillance: appropriate patient selection. Curr Urol Rep. 2008;9(3):211-216.

32. McNaughton Collins M, Ransohoff DF, Barry MJ. Early detection of prostate cancer: serendipity strikes again. JAMA. 1997;278(18):1516-1519.

33. Etzioni R, Berry KM, Legler JM, Shaw P. Prostate-specific antigen testing in black and white men: an analysis of Medicare claims from 1991 to 1998. Urology. 2002;59(2):251-255.

34. Ankerst DP, Straubinger J, Selig K, et al. A contemporary prostate biopsy risk calculator based on multiple heterogeneous cohorts. European Urology. 2018;7(2):197-203.

35. Lim LS, Sherin K, ACPM Prevention Practice Committee. Screening for prostate cancer in U.S. men: ACPM position statement on preventive practice. Am J Prev Med. 2008;34(2):164-170.

36. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Prostate Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2018;319(18):1901-1913.

37. Qaseem A, Barry MJ, Denberg TD, et al. Screening for prostate cancer: a guidance statement from the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(10):761-769.

38. Wolf AM, Wender RC, Etzioni RB, et al. American Cancer Society guideline for the early detection of prostate cancer: update 2010. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010;60(2):70-98.

39. Carter HB, Albertsen PC, Barry MJ, et al. Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: AUA Guideline. Available at https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/prostate-cancer-early-detection-guideline. Last accessed October 13, 2022.

40. Pienta KJ. Critical appraisal of prostate-specific antigen in prostate cancer screening: 20 years later. Urology. 2009;73(Suppl 5): S11-S20.

41. Thompson IM Jr, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, et al. Long-term survival of participants in the prostate cancer prevention trial.N Engl J Med. 2013;369(7):603-610.

42. Mayo Clinic. Prostate Health Index (PHI): FDA-Approved Multi-Analyte Blood Test for Better Prostate Cancer Detection. Available at https://cdn.prod-carehubs.net/n1/96e99366cea7b0de/uploads/2017/07/phi-brochure-0717-1.pdf. Last accessed October 13, 2022.

43. Bouchardy C, Fioretta G, Rapiti E, et al. Recent trends in prostate cancer mortality show a continuous decrease in several countries. Int J Cancer. 2008;123(2):421-429.

44. Thompson IM, Pauler DK, Goodman PJ, et al. Prevalence of prostate cancer among men with a prostate-specific antigen level≤ or = 4.0 ng per milliliter. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(22):2239-2246.

45. Hodge KK, McNeal JE, Terris MK, Stamey TA. Random systematic versus directed ultrasound guided transrectal core biopsies of the prostate. J Urol. 1989;142(1):71-75.

46. Norberg M, Egevad L, Holmberg L, Sparén P, Norlén BJ, Busch C. The sextant protocol for ultrasound-guided core biopsies of the prostate underestimates the presence of cancer. Urology. 1997;50(4):562-566.

47. Emiliozzi P, Scarpone P, DePaula F, et al. The incidence of prostate cancer in men with prostate specific antigen greater than 4.0 ng/ml: a randomized study of 6 versus 12 core transperineal prostate biopsy. J Urol. 2004;171(1):197-199.

48. Stewart CS, Leibovich BC, Weaver AL, Lieber MM. Prostate cancer diagnosis using a saturation needle biopsy technique after previous negative sextant biopsies. J Urol. 2001;166(1):86-91.

49. Andriole GL, Crawford ED, Grubb RL III, et al. Prostate cancer screening in the randomized Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial: mortality results after 13 years of follow-up. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2012;104(2):125-132.

50. Schröder FH, Hugosson J, Roobol MJ, et al. Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a randomized European study. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(13):1320-1328.

51. Parekh DJ, Ankerst DP, Higgins BA, et al. External validation of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial risk calculator in a screened population. Urology. 2006;68:1152-1155.

52. White J, Shenoy BV, Tutrone RF, et al. Clinical utility of the Prostate Health Index (PHI) for biopsy decision management in a large group urology practice setting. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2018;21(1):78-84.

53. Katz MS, Efstathiou JA, Nquyen PL, Zietman AL. CaP Calculator: an online decision support tool to improve evidence-based doctor-patient communication for clinically localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;72(Suppl 1):S41.

54. Chan JM, Gann PH, Giovannucci EL. Role of diet in prostate cancer development and progression. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(32):8152-8160.

55. Hedelin M, Bälter KA, Chang ET, et al. Dietary intake of phytoestrogens, estrogen receptor-beta polymorphisms and the risk of prostate cancer. Prostate. 2006;66(14):1512-1520.

56. Joseph MA, Moysich KB, Freudenheim JL, et al. Cruciferous vegetables, genetic polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferases M1 and T1, and prostate cancer risk. Nutrition Cancer. 2004;50(2):206-213.

57. Carmody J, Olendzki B, Reed G, Andersen V, Rosenzweig P. A dietary intervention for recurrent prostate cancer after definitive primary treatment: results of a randomized pilot trial. Urology. 2008;72(6):1324-1328.

58. Blanchard C, Stein K, Baker F, et al. Association between current lifestyle behaviors and health-related quality of life in breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer survivors. Psychol Health. 2004;19(1):1-13.

59. Dunn JE. Cancer epidemiology in populations of the United States—with emphasis on Hawaii and California—and Japan. Cancer Res. 1975;35(11 Pt 2):3240-3245.

60. Rodriguez C, McCullough ML, Mondul AM, et al. Meat consumption among black and white men and risk of prostate cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15(2):211-216.

61. Park SY, Murphy SP, Wilkens LR, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN. Fat and meat intake and prostate cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort study. Int J Cancer. 2007;121(6):1339-1345.

62. Klein EA, Thompson IM, Lippman SM, et al. SELECT: the next prostate cancer prevention trial. J Urology. 2001;66(4):1311-1315.

63. Klein EA, Thompson IM Jr, Tangen CM, et al. Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA. 2011;306(14):1549-1556.

64. Gao X, LaValley MP, Tucker KL. Prospective studies of dairy product and calcium intakes and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis.J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(23):1768-1777.

65. Yan L, Spitznagel EL. Meta-analysis of soy food and risk of prostate cancer in men. Int J Cancer. 2005;117(4):667-669.

66. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Liu Y, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. A prospective study of tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2002;94(5):391-398.

67. Kavanaugh CJ, Trumbo PR, Ellwood KC. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's evidence-based review for qualified health claims: tomatoes, lycopene, and cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99(14):1074-1085.

68. Moyad MA. Fat reduction to prevent prostate cancer: waiting for more evidence? Curr Opin Urol. 2001;11(5):457-461.

69. Krishnan AV, Feldman D. Molecular pathways mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of calcitriol: implications for prostate cancer chemoprevention and treatment. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2010;17(1):R19-R38.

70. Jacobs EJ, Rodriguez C, Mondul AM, et al. A large cohort study of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and prostate cancer incidence. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97(13):975-980.

71. Mahmud SM, Franco EL, Aprikian AG. Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer. 2010;127(7):1680-1691.

72. Andriole GL, Bostwick DG, Brawley OW, et al. Effect of dutasteride on the risk of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(13): 1192-1202.

73. Tannock IF, de Wit R, Berry WR, et al. Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer.N Engl J Med. 2004;351(15):1502-1512.

74. Petrylak DP, Tangen CM, Hussain MH, et al. Docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(15):1513-1520.

75. Bill-Axelson A, Holmberg L, Filén F, et al. Radical prostatectomy versus watchful waiting in localized prostate cancer: the Scandinavian prostate cancer group-4 randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100(16):1144-1154.

76. Gonzalgo ML, Patil N, Su LM, Patel VR. Minimally invasive surgical approaches and management of prostate cancer. Urol Clin N Am. 2008;35(3):489-504.

77. National Cancer Institute. Prostate Cancer Treatment: Treatment Option Overview. Available at https://www.cancer.gov/types/prostate/hp/prostate-treatment-pdq. Last accessed October 13, 2022.

78. Babaian R, Donnelly B, Bahn D, et al. Best Practice Policy Statement on Cryosurgery for the Treatment of Localized Prostate Cancer. Linthicum, MD: American Urological Association; 2008.

79. Cohen JK, Miller RJ Jr, Ahmed S, Lotz MJ, Baust J. Ten-year biochemical disease control for patients with prostate cancer treated with cryosurgery as primary therapy. Urology. 2008;71(3):515-518.

80. Macdonald OK, Lee RJ, Snow G, et al. Prostate-specific antigen control with low-dose adjuvant radiotherapy for high-risk prostate cancer. Urology. 2007;69(2):295-299.

81. Hanks GE, Pajak TF, Porter A, et al. Phase III trial of long-term adjuvant androgen deprivation after neoadjuvant hormonal cytoreduction and radiotherapy in locally advanced carcinoma of the prostate: the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Protocol 92-02. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(21):3972-3978.

82. Beyer DC, McKeough T, Thomas T. Impact of short course hormonal therapy on overall and cancer specific survival after permanent prostate brachytherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;61(5):1299-1305.

83. Anscher MS, Robertson CN, Prosnitz R. Adjuvant radiotherapy for pathologic stage T3/4 adenocarcinoma of the prostate: ten-year update. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1995;33(1):37-43.

84. Valicenti RK, Gomella LG, Ismail M, Mullholland SG, Peterson RO, Corn BW. Pathologic seminal vesicle invasion after radical prostatectomy for patients with prostate carcinoma: effect of early adjuvant radiation therapy on biochemical control. Cancer. 1998;82(10):1909-1914.

85. Petrovich Z, Lieskovsky G, Langholz B, Jozsef G, Streeter OE Jr, Skinner DG. Postoperative radiotherapy in 423 patients with pT3N0 prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002;53(3):600-609.

86. Leibovich BC, Engen DE, Patterson DE, et al. Benefit of adjuvant radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer with a positive surgical margin. J Urol. 2000;163:1178-1182.

87. Eisbruch A, Perez CA, Roessler EH, Lockett MA. Adjuvant irradiation after prostatectomy for carcinoma of the prostate with positive surgical margins. Cancer. 1994;73(2):384-388.

88. Meier R, Mark R, St Royal L, Tran L, Colburn G, Parker R. Postoperative radiation therapy after radical prostatectomy for prostate carcinoma. Cancer. 1992;70(7):1960-1966.

89. Thompson IM Jr, Tangen CM, Paradelo J, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy for pathologically advanced prostate cancer: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2006;296(19):2329-2335.

90. Bolla M, van Poppel H, Collette L, et al. Postoperative radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy: a randomized controlled trial (EORTC trial 22911). Lancet. 2005;366(9485):572-578.

91. Wiegel T, Bottke D, Willich N, et al. Phase III results of adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) versus "wait and see" (WS) in patients with pT3 prostate cancer following radical prostatectomy (RP) (ARO 96-02/AUO AP 09/95). J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(16S):4513.

92. Saylor PJ, Keating NL, Smith MR. Prostate cancer survivorship: prevention and treatment of the adverse effects of androgen deprivation therapy. J Gen Intern Med. 2009;24(Suppl 2):S389-S394.

93. Vogelzang NJ, Chodak GW, Soloway MS, et al. Goserelin versus orchiectomy in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer: final results of a randomized trial. Zoladex Prostate Study Group. Urology. 1995;46(2):220-226.

94. Barry MJ, Delorenzo MA, Walker-Corkery ES, Lucas Fl, Wennberg DC. The rising prevalence of androgen deprivation among older American men since the advent of prostate-sepcific antigen testing: a population-based cohort study. BJU Int. 2006;98(5):973-978.

95. D'Amico AV, Manola J, Loffredo M, Renshaw AA, DellaCroce A, Kantoff PW. 6-month androgen suppression plus radiation therapy vs. radiation therapy alone for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292(7):821-827.

96. Messing EM, Manola J, Yao J, et al. Immediate versus deferred androgen deprivation treatment in patients with node-positive prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Lancet Oncol. 2006;7(6):472-479.

97. Loblaw DA, Virgo KS, Nam R, et al. Initial hormonal management of androgen-sensitive metastatic, recurrent, or progressive prostate cancer: 2006 update of an American Society of Clinical Oncology practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(12):1596-1605.

98. Lu-Yao GL, Albertsen PC, Moore DF, et al. Survival following primary androgen deprivation therapy among men with localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 2008;300(2):173-181.

99. Shahinian VB, Kuo YF, Freeman JL, Goodwin JS. Risk of fracture after androgen deprivation for prostate cancer. N Eng J Med. 2005;352(2):154-164.

100. Smith MR, Finkelstein JS, McGovern FJ, et al. Changes in body composition during androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(2):599-603.

101. Smith MR, Lee H, Nathan DM. Insulin sensitivity during combined androgen blockade for prostate cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(4):1305-1308.

102. Garnick MB, Pratt CM, Campion M, et al. The effect of hormonal therapy for prostate cancer on the electrocardiographic QT interval: phase III results following treatment with leuprolide and goserelin, alone or with bicalutamide and the GnRH antagonist abarelix. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(14S):4578.

103. Kaushal V, Mukunyadzi P, Dennis RA, Siegel ER, Johnson DE, Kohli M. Stage-specific characterization of the vascular endothelial growth factor axis in prostate cancer: expression of lymphangiogenic markers is associated with advanced stage disease. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(2 Pt 1):584-593.

104. Guise TA, Mohammad KS. Endothelins in bone cancer metastases. Cancer Treat Res. 2004;118:197-212.

105. Kohli M, Tindall DJ. New developments in the medical management of prostate cancer. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85(1):77-86.

106. Di Lorenzo G, Figg WD, Fossa SD, et al. Combination of bevacizumab and docetaxel in docetaxel-pretreated hormone-refractory prostate cancer: a phase 2 study. Eur Urol. 2008;54(5):1089-1094.

107. Nelson J, Bagnato A, Battisini B, Nisen P. The endothelin axis: emerging role in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3(2):110-116.

108. Papandreou CN, Usmani B, Geng Y, et al. Neutral endopeptidase 24.11 loss in metastatic human prostate cancer contributes to androgen-independent progression. Nat Med. 1998;4(1):50-57.

109. Mundy GR. Endothelin-1 and osteoblastic metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(19):10588-10589.

110. Yin JJ, Mohammad KS, Käkönen SM, et al. A causal role for endothelin-1 in the pathogenesis of osteoblastic bone metastases.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(19):10954-10959.

111. Dahut WL, Gulley JL, Arlen PM, et al. Randomized phase II trial of docetaxel plus thalidomide in androgen-independent prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22(13):2532-2539.

112. Chen L, Qiu X, Wang R, Xie X. The efficacy and safety of docetaxel plus thalidomide vs. docetaxel alone in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer: a systematic review. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4818.

113. Thompson IM, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, et al. The influence of finasteride on the development of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(3):215-224.

114. Jenkins EP, Andersson S, Imperato-McGinley J, Wilson JD, Russell DW. Genetic and pharmacological evidence for more than one human steroid 5 alpha-reductase. J Clin Invest. 1992;89(1):293-300.

115. Uemura M, Tamura K, Chung S, et al. Novel 5 alpha-steroid reductase (SRD5A3, type-3) is overexpressed in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Sci. 2008;99(1):81-86.

116. Thigpen AE, Silver RI, Guileyardo JM, Casey ML, McConnell JD, Russell DW. Tissue distribution and ontogeny of steroid 5 alpha-reductase isozyme expression. J Clin Invest. 1993;92(2):903-910.

117. Ross RK, Bernstein L, Lobo RA, et al. 5-alpha-reductase activity and risk of prostate cancer among Japanese and U.S. white and black males. Lancet. 1992;339(8798):887-889.

118. Lookingbill DP, Demers LM, Wang C, Leung A, Rittmaster RS, Santen RJ. Clinical and biochemical parameters of androgen action in normal healthy Caucasian versus Chinese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;72(6):1242-1248.

119. Wu AH, Whittemore AS, Kolonel LN, et al. Serum androgens and sex hormone-binding globulins in relation to lifestyle factors in older African-American, white, and Asian men in the United States and Canada. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1995;4(7):735-741.

120. Litman HJ, Bhasin S, Link CL, Araujo AB, McKinlay JB. Serum androgen levels in black, Hispanic, and white men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(11):4326-4334.

121. Kramer BS, Hagerty KL, Justman S, et al. Use of 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors for prostate cancer chemoprevention: American Society of Clinical Oncology/American Urological Association 2008 clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(9):1502-1516.

122. ClinicalTrials.gov. REDUCE: A Clinical Research Study to Reduce the Incidence of Prostate Cancer in Men Who Are at Increased Risk. Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00056407. Last accessed October 13, 2022.

123. Musquera M, Fleshner NE, Finelli A, Zlotta AR. The REDUCE trial: chemoprevention in prostate cancer using a dual 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor, dutasteride. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2008;8(7):1073-1079.

124. National Cancer Institute. Prostate Cancer Treatment: Stage Information. Available at https://www.cancer.gov/types/prostate/hp/prostate-treatment-pdq#link/_58. Last accessed October 13, 2022.

125. Skolarus TA, Wolf AMD, Erb NL, et al. American Cancer Society prostate cancer survivorship care guidelines. CA Cancer J Clin. 2014; 64(4):225-249.

126. Cleveland Clinic. Erectile Dysfunction Treatments for Patients with Prostate Cancer. Available at https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/11806-erectile-dysfunction-treatments-for-patients-with-prostate-cancer. Last accessed October 13, 2022.

127. Pomeranz HD. Can erectile dysfunction drug use lead to ischaemic optic neuropathy? Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90(2):127-128.

128. Tsertsvadze A, Yazdi F, Fink HA, et al. Oral phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors and hormonal treatments for erectile dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(9):650-661.

129. McGwin G Jr, Vaphiades MS, Hall TA, Owsley C. Non-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy and the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90(2):154-157.

130. Schover LR, Fouladi RT, Warneke CL, et al. Defining sexual outcomes after treatment for localized prostate carcinoma. Cancer. 2002;95(8):1773-1785.

131. Schover LR, Fouladi RT, Warneke CL, et al. The use of treatments for erectile dysfunction among survivors of prostate carcinoma. Cancer. 2002;95(11):2397-2407.

132. National Institute of Mental Health. Men and Depression. NIH Publication No. 11-5300. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health; 2011.

133. Robbins A. Biopsychosocial aspects in understanding and treating depression in men: a clinical perspective. J Men's Health Gender. 2006;3(1):10-18.

134. Winkler D, Pjrek E, Kasper S. Anger attacks in depression-evidence for a male depressive syndrome. Psychother Psychosom. 2005;74(5):303-307.

135. Epperly TD, Moore KE. Health issues in men: part II. Common psychosocial disorders. Am Fam Phys. 2000;62(1):117-124.

136. U.S. Census U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey: Selected Social Characteristics in the United States. Available at https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?tid=ACSDP5Y2020.DP02. Last accessed October 13, 2022.

137. Karliner L, Napoles-Springer AM, Schillinger D, Bibbins-Domingo K, Pérez-Stable EJ. Identification of limited English proficient patients in clinical care. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(10):1555-1560.

138. Sevilla Matir J, Willis DR. Using bilingual staff members as interpreters. Fam Pract Manage. 2004;11(7):34-36.

139. Ngo-Metzger Q, Massagli MP, Clarridge BR, et al. Linguistic and cultural barriers to care: perspectives of Chinese and Vietnamese immigrants. J Gen Intern Med. 2003;18(1):44-52.

140. Flores G. Language barriers to health care in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(3):229-231.

141. Flores G. The impact of medical interpreter services on the quality of health care: a systematic review. Med Care Res Rev. 2005;62(3):255-299.

142. Karliner L, Jacobs EA, Chen AH, Mutha S. Do professional interpreters improve clinical care for patients with limited English proficiency? A systematic review of the literature. Health Serv Res. 2007;42(2):727-754.

143. Blana A, Murat FJ, Walter B, et al. First analysis of the long-term results with transrectal HIFU in patients with localised prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2008;53(6):1194-1201.

144. Berge V, Baco E, Dahl AA, Karlsen SJ. Health-related quality of life after salvage high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment for locally radiorecurrent prostate cancer. Int J Urol. 2011;18(9):646-651.

145. Challacombe BJ, Murphy DG, Zakri R, Cahill DJ. High-intensity focused ultrasound for localized prostate cancer: initial experience with a 2-year follow-up. BJU Int. 2009;104(2):200-204.

146. Klotz L. Words of wisdom. Re: Effect of dutasteride on the risk of prostate cancer. Andriole G, Bostwick D, Brawley O, et al. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1192-202. Eur Urol. 2010;58(2):313.

147. Catalona WJ, Partin AW, Slawin KM, et al. Use of the percentage of free prostate-specific antigen to enhance differentiation of prostate cancer from benign prostatic disease: a prospective multicenter clinical trial. JAMA. 1998;279(19):1542-1547.

148. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Prostate Cancer, Screening. 2018. Available at https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/prostate-cancer-screening. Last accessed October 13, 2022.

149. Basch E, Oliver TK, Vickers A, et al. Screening for prostate cancer with prostate-specific antigen testing: American Society of Clinical Oncology provisional clinical opinion. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(24):3020-3025.

150. Moyer VA, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for prostate cancer: recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(2):120-134.

151. Mistry K, Cable G. Meta-analysis of prostate-specific antigen and digital rectal examination as screening tests for prostate carcinoma. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2003;16(2):95-101.

152. Ilic D, Neuberger MM, Djulbegovic M, Dahm P. Screening for prostate cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;1:CD004720.

153. Draisma G, Boer R, Otto SJ, et al. Lead times and overdetection due to prostate-specific antigen screening: estimates from the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;95:868-878.

154. Gulati R, Gore JL, Etzioni R. Comparative effectiveness of alternative prostate-specific antigen-based prostate cancer screening strategies: model estimates of potential benefits and harms. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(3):143-153.

155. Stacey D, Bennett CL, Barry MJ, et al. Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(10):CD001431.

156. Ross LE, Powe BD, Taylor YJ, Howard DL. Physician-patient discussions with African American men about prostate cancer screening. Am J Mens Health. 2008;2(2):156-164.

157. McFall SL. U.S. men discussing prostate-specific antigen tests with a physician. Ann Fam Med. 2006;4(5):433-436.

158. Nam RK, Kattan MW, Chin JL, et al. Prospective multi-institutional study evaluating the performance of prostate cancer risk calculators. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(22):2959-2964.

159. Vickers AJ. Prediction models: revolutionary in principle, but do they do more good than harm? J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(22):2951-2952.

160. Shariat SF, Karakiewicz PI, Roehrborn CG, Kattan MW. An updated catalog of prostate cancer predictive tools. Cancer. 2008;113(11):3075-3099.

161. Nam RK, Toi A, Klotz LH, et al. Assessing individual risk for prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(24):3582-3588.

162. Thompson IM, Ankerst DP, Chi C, et al. Assessing prostate cancer risk: results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial.J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006;98(8):529-534.

163. Song Y, Chavarro JE, Cao Y, et al. Whole milk intake is associated with prostate cancer-specific mortality among U.S. male physicians. J Nutr. 2013;143(2):189-196.

164. Llaverias G, Danilo C, Wang Y, et al. A Western-type diet accelerates tumor progression in an autochthonous mouse model of prostate cancer. Am J Pathol. 2010;177(6):3180-3191.

165. Hamilton RJ, Freedland SJ. 5-α reductase inhibitors and prostate cancer prevention: where do we turn now? BMC Med. 2011;9:105.

166. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Hematology/Oncology (Cancer) Approvals & Safety Notifications. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/resources-information-approved-drugs/hematologyoncology-cancer-approvals-safety-notifications. Last accessed October 13, 2022.

167. Carroll P, Albertsen PC, Greene K, et al. PSA Testing for the Pretreatment and Posttreatment Management of Prostate Cancer, 2013: Revision of 2009 Best Practice Statement. Linthicum, MD: American Urological Association; 2013.

168. Sverrisson E, Jones JS, Pow-Sang JM. Cryosurgery for prostate cancer: a comprehensive review. Arch Esp Urol. 2013;66(6):546-556.

169. Ward JF, Diblasio CJ, Williams C, Given R, Jones JS. Cryoablation for locally advanced clinical stage T3 prostate cancer: a report from the Cryo-On-Line Database (COLD) Registry. BJU Int. 2014;113(5):714-718.

170. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Questions and Answers: 5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors (5-ARIs) May Increase the Risk of a More Serious Form of Prostate Cancer. Available at https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-5-alpha-reductase-inhibitors-5-aris-may-increase-risk-more-serious. Last accessed October 13, 2022.

171. Kelly WK, Halabi S, Carducci M, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial comparing docetaxel and prednisone with or without bevacizumab in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: CALGB 90401. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(13):1534-1540.

172. Sheets NC, Goldin GH, Meyer AM, et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy, proton therapy, or conformal radiation therapy and morbidity and disease control in localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 2012;307(15):1611-1620.

173. Ross LE, Berkowitz Z, Ekwueme DU. Use of the prostate-specific antigen test among U.S. men: findings from the 2005 National Health Interview Survey. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008;17(3):636-644.

174. Aune D, Navarro Rosenblatt DA, Chan DS, et al. Dairy products, calcium, and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;101(1):87-117.

175. Tsodikov A, Gulati R, Heijnsdijk EAM, et al. Reconciling the effects of screening on prostate cancer mortality in the ERSPC and PLCO trials. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167(7):449-455.

176. Prostate Cancer Research Foundation. Calculate Your Prostate Cancer Risk. Available at http://www.prostatecancer-riskcalculator.com. Last accessed October 21, 2019.

177. Hoffman RM. Screening for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med. 2011; 365:2013-2019.

178. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Guideline Version 1.2022 Prostate Cancer Early Detection. Available at https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/prostate_detection.pdf. Last accessed October 12, 2022.

179. Eastham JA, Auffenberg GB, Barocas DA, et al. Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: AUA/ASTRO Guideline. Available at https://www.auanet.org/guidelines-and-quality/guidelines/clinically-localized-prostate-cancer-aua/astro-guideline-2022. Last accessed October 13, 2022.

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.