Works Cited
- Back to Course Home
- Participation Instructions
- Review the course material online or in print.
- Complete the course evaluation.
- Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.
1. Howell EA. Reducing disparities in severe maternal morbidity and mortality. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2018;61(2):387-399.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Many Women Report Mistreatment During Pregnancy and Delivery. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/respectful-maternity-care/index.html. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
3. UNICEF. Maternal mortality. Available at https://data.unicef.org/topic/maternal-health/maternal-mortality. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
4. Hoyert DL. Maternal Mortality Rates in the United States, 2024. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/hestat113.htm. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pregnancy-Related Deaths: Data from Maternal Mortality Review Committees. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/maternal-mortality/php/data-research/mmrc/index.html?cove-tab=4. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
6. Fleszar LG, Bryant AS, Johnson CO, et al. Trends in state-level maternal mortality by racial and ethnic group in the United States. JAMA. 2023;330(1):52-61.
8. U.S. Government Accounting Office. Maternal Health: Outcomes Worsened and Disparities Persisted During the Pandemic. Available at https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-23-105871. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. How Does CDC Identify Severe Maternal Morbidity? Available at https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/smm/severe-morbidity-ICD.htm. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
10. Admon LK, Winkelman TNA, Zivin K, Terplan M, Mhyre JM, Dalton VK. Racial and ethnic disparities in the incidence of severe maternal morbidity in the United States, 2012–2015. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;132(5):1158-1166.
11. New Jersey Department of Health. New Jersey Hospital Maternity Care Report Card, 2023. Available at https://www.nj.gov/health/maternal/documents/2024_Report_Card_Summary_of_Findings.pdf. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
12. New Jersey Department of Health. New Jersey Maternal Mortality Report 2019-2021. Available at https://www.nj.gov/health/fhs/maternalchild/documents/New-Jersey-Maternal-Mortality-Report-2019-2021.pdf. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
13. Georgetown University National Center for Cultural Competence. Conscious and Unconscious Biases in Health Care. Available at https://nccc.georgetown.edu/bias. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
14. Amodio DM. The social neuroscience of intergroup relations. Eur Rev Soc Psychol. 2008;19(1):1-54.
15. Blair IV, Steiner JF, Havranek EP. Unconscious (implicit) bias and health disparities: where do we go from here? Perm J. 2011;15(2):71-78.
16. Hall WJ, Chapman MV, Lee KM, et al. Implicit racial/ethnic bias among health care professionals and its influence on health care outcomes: a systematic review. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(12):e60-e76.
17. Matthew DB. Toward a structural theory of implicit racial and ethnic bias in health care. Health Matrix. 2015;5(1)61-85.
18. Baron AS, Banaji MR. The development of implicit attitudes: evidence of race evaluations from ages 6 and 10 and adulthood. Psychol Sci. 2006;17(1):53-58.
19. Ogungbe O, Mitra AK, Roberts JK. A systematic review of implicit bias in health care: a call for intersectionality. IMC Journal of Medical Science. 2019;13(1):1-16.
20. Georgetown University National Center for Cultural Competence. What the Literature Is Telling Us? Available at https://nccc.georgetown.edu/bias/module-2/2.php. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
21. FitzGerald C, Martin A, Berner D, Hurst S. Interventions designed to reduce implicit prejudices and implicit stereotypes in real world contexts: a systematic review. BMC Psychol. 2019;7(1):29.
22. FitzGerald C, Hurst S. Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review. BMC Med Ethics. 2017;18(1):19.
23. Institute of Medicine Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care, Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR (eds). Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2003.
24. Dehlendorf C, Bryant AS, Huddleston HG, Jacoby VL, Fujimoto VY. Health disparities: definitions and measurements. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202(3):212-213.
25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health Disparities. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/healthy-youth/health-disparities/. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
26. Chapman EN, Kaatz A, Carnes M. Physicians and implicit bias: how doctors may unwittingly perpetuate health care disparities. J Gen Intern Med. 2013;28(11):1504-1510.
27. Van Schoor J. What are Power Dynamics? Available at https://global.sacap.edu.za/blog/communication/what-are-power-dynamics. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
28. McDonald J, Jayasuriya R, Harris MF. The influence of power dynamics and trust on multidisciplinary collaboration: a qualitative case study of type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012;12:63.
29. Penner LA, Hagiwara N, Eggly S, Gaertner SL, Albrecht TL, Dovidio JF. Racial healthcare disparities: a social psychological analysis. Eur Rev Soc Psychol. 2013;24(1):70-122.
30. Dowsett C. It's Time to Talk About Organizational Bias in Data Use. Available at https://medium.com/data-science/lets-talk-about-organizational-bias-in-data-use-92ba83bb2c59. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
32. Sukhera J, Wodzinski M, Rehman M, Gonzalez CM. The Implicit Association Test in health professions education: a meta-narrative review. Perspect Med Educ. 2019;8(5):267-275.
33. Johnson R, Richard-Eaglin A. Combining SOAP notes with guided reflection to address implicit bias in health care. J Nurs Educ. 2020;59(1):59-59.
34. Zestcott CA, Blair IV, Stone J. Examining the presence, consequences, and reduction of implicit bias in health care: a narrative review. Group Process Intergroup Relat. 2016;19(4):528-542.
35. Saluja B, Bryant Z. How implicit bias contributes to racial disparities in maternal morbidity and mortality in the United States. Journal of Women's Health. 2021;30(2).
36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Maternal Deaths and Mortality Rates: Each State, the District of Columbia, United States, 2018–2022. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/maternal-mortality/mmr-2018-2022-state-data.pdf. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
37. Howell EA, Ahmed ZN. Eight steps for narrowing the maternal health disparity gap: step-by-step plan to reduce racial and ethnic disparities in care. Contemp Ob Gyn. 2019;64(1):30-36.
38. Leonard SA, Main EK, Scott KA, Profit J, Carmichael SL. Racial and ethnic disparities in severe maternal morbidity prevalence and trends. Annals of Epidemiology. 2019;33:30-36.
39. Edgoose J, Quiogue M, Sidhar K. How to identify, understand, and unlearn implicit bias in patient care. Fam Pract Manag. 2019;26(4): 29-33.
40. Poehlmann JR, Avery G, Antony KM, Broman AT, Godecker A, Green TL. Racial disparities in post-operative pain experience and treatment following cesarean birth. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2022;35(26):10305-10313.
41. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Racism in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Available at https://www.acog.org/clinical-information/policy-and-position-statements/statements-of-policy/2022/racism-in-obstetrics-gynecology. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
42. National Geographic. Cultural Identity. Available at https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/resource-library-cultural-identity. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
43. Wilson V. What is Cultural Identity and Why is it Important? Available at https://www.exceptionalfutures.com/cultural-identity. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
44. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Improving Cultural Competence: Quick Guide for Clinicians. Available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-HE20_400-PURL-gpo127403/pdf/GOVPUB-HE20_400-PURL-gpo127403.pdf. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
45. Agency for Healthcare Quality and Research. Health Literacy Universal Precautions Toolkit, 3rd Edition. Available at https://www.ahrq.gov/health-literacy/improve/precautions/index.html. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
46. U.S. Census Bureau. About the Topic of Race. Available at https://www.census.gov/topics/population/race/about.html. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
47. American Psychiatric Association. Working with African American/Black Patients. Available at https://www.psychiatry.org/psychiatrists/diversity/education/best-practice-highlights/working-with-african-american-patients. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
48. Lee E. Asian American families: an overview. In: McGoldrick M, Giordano J, Pearce JK (eds). Ethnicity and Family Therapy. 2nd ed. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 1996: 227-248.
49. Asian Pacific Institute on Gender-Based Violence. Asian and Pacific Islander Identities and Diversity. Available at https://api-gbv.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/API-demographics-identities-May-2019.pdf. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
50. U.S. Census Bureau. Asian American, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Heritage Month: May 2025. Available at https://www.census.gov/newsroom/facts-for-features/2025/asian-american-pacific-islander.html. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
51. Im C. Facts About Asians in the U.S.. Available at https://www.pewresearch.org/race-and-ethnicity/fact-sheet/asian-americans-in-the-u-s/. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
52. Amoakoh-Coleman M, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Agyepong IA, Kayode GA, Grobbee DE, Ansah EK. Provider adherence to first antenatal care guidelines and risk of pregnancy complications in public sector facilities: a Ghanaian cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16(1):369.
53. National Black Women's Reproductive Justice Agenda, Interfaith Voices for Reproductive Justice, SisterLove, Inc. Black Reproductive Justice Policy Agenda: June 2021. Available at https://blackrj.org/blackrjpolicy. Last accessed August 29, 2026.
54. Ong P, Ong E. The Future of Asian America in 2040 Asian American Electorate to Double. Available at https://escholarship.org/content/qt5c07t9tk/qt5c07t9tk_noSplash_fd0688434f0006c3db86dc48f23c5857.pdf. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
55. U.S. Census Bureau. National Hispanic Heritage Month: 2025. Available at https://www.census.gov/newsroom/facts-for-features/2025/hispanic-heritage-month.html. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
56. Pew Research Center. Key Facts About U.S. Latinos. Available at https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2025/10/22/key-facts-about-us-latinos/. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
57. Bonavitacola J. Maternal, Child Mortality Higher in the US Compared with Majority of High-Income Countries. Available at https://www.ajmc.com/view/maternal-child-mortality-higher-in-the-us-compared-with-majority-of-high-income-countries. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
58. U.S. Census Bureau. We the People: American Indians and Alaska Natives in the United States. Available at https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2006/dec/censr-28.html. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
59. U.S. Census Bureau. Facts for Features: American Indian and Alaska Native Heritage Month: November 2022. Available at https://www.census.gov/newsroom/facts-for-features/2022/aian-month.html. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
60. U.S. Census Bureau. QuickFacts: United States. Available at https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045221. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
61. U.S. Census Bureau. American Community Survey: B04006 People Reporting Ancestry. Available at https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ancestry&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B04006. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
62. Wang T, Cahill S. Antitransgender political backlash threatens health and access to care. Am J Public Health. 2018;108(5):609-610.
63. Singh NN, Mckay JD, Singh AN. Culture and mental health: nonverbal communication. J Child Fam Stud. 1998;7(4):403-409.
64. Lynch EW, Hanson MJ (eds). Developing Cross-Cultural Competence: A Guide for Working with Children and Their Families. 4th ed. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing, Co.; 2011.
65. Manrai LA, Manrai AK, Lascu D, Friedeborn S. Determinants and effects of cultural context: a review, conceptual model, and propositions. Journal of Global Marketing. 2019;32(2):67-82.
66. Okun BF, Fried J, Okun ML. Understanding Diversity: A Learning-As-Practice Primer. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.; 1999.
68. Chang H, Chen L. Commonalities as an alternative approach to analyzing Asian Pacific communication. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication. 2015;25(1):1-21.
69. Reid A, Brandes R, Butler-MacKay D, et al. Getting grounded: building a foundation for health equity and racial justice work in health care teams. NEJM Catalyst. 2022;3(1).
70. Race Forward. What Is Race Equity? Available at https://www.raceforward.org/what-racial-equity-0. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
71. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Advancing Equity in Obstetric and Gynecologic Health Care. Addressing Social and Structural Determinants of Health in the Delivery of Reproductive Health Care: ACOG Committee Statement No. 11. Obstet Gynecol. 2024;144(5):e113-e120.
72. Wong Y-LR, Vinsky J. Beyond implicit bias: embodied cognition, mindfulness, and critical reflective practice in social work. Australian Social Work. 2021;74(2):186-197.
73. Devine PG, Forscher PS, Austin AJ, Cox WT. Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: a prejudice habit-breaking intervention. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2012;48(6):267-1278.
74. Todd AR, Bodenhausen GV, Richeson JA, Galinsky AD. Perspective taking combats automatic expressions of racial bias. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2011;100(6):1027-1042.
75. Sukhera J, Watling CA. A framework for integrating implicit bias recognition into health professions education. Acad Med. 2018;93(1): 35-40.
76. Drwecki BB, Moore CF, Ward SE, Prkachin KM. Reducing racial disparities in pain treatment: the role of empathy and perspective-taking. Pain. 2011;152(5):1001-1006.
77. Whitford DK, Emerson AM. Empathy intervention to reduce implicit bias in pre-service teachers. Psychol Rep. 2019;122(2):670-688.
78. Chapman EN, Kaatz A, Carnes M. Physicians and implicit bias: how doctors may unwittingly perpetuate health care disparities. J Gen Intern Med. 2013;28(11):1504-1510.
79. Mayo Clinic. Consumer Health: Mindfulness Exercises. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/in-depth/mindfulness-exercises/art-20046356. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
80. Narayan MC. Addressing implicit bias in nursing: a review. American Journal of Nursing. 2019;119(7):36-43.
81. Goldstein E. The STOP Practice. Available at https://www.mindful.org/the-s-t-o-p-practice-for-stress. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
82. Burgess DJ, Beach MC, Saha S. Mindfulness practice: a promising approach to reducing the effects of clinician implicit bias on patients. Patient Educ Couns. 2017;100(2):372-376.
83. Kang Y, Gray JR, Dovidio JF. The nondiscriminating heart: lovingkindness meditation training decreases implicit intergroup bias.J Exp Psychol Gen. 2014;143(3):1306-1313.
84. Blair IV, Ma JE, Lenton AP. Imagining stereotypes away: the moderation of implicit stereotypes through mental imagery. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2001;81(5):828-841.
85. Dasgupta N, Asgari, S. Seeing is Believing: exposure to counterstereotypic women leaders and its effect on the malleability of automatic gender stereotyping. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2004;40(5):642-658.
86. National Center for States Courts. Addressing Implicit Bias in the Courts. Available at https://www.nccourts.gov/assets/inline-files/public-trust-12-15-15-IB_Summary_033012.pdf?q_DMMIVv0v_eDJUa1ADxtw59Zt_svPgl. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
87. Agrawal S, Enekwechi A. It's Time to Address the Role of Implicit Bias Within Health Care Delivery. Available at https://www.healthaffairs.org/content/forefront/s-time-address-role-implicit-bias-within-health-care-delivery. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
88. Review to Action. Definitions. Available at http://reviewtoaction.org/learn/definitions. Last accessed August 28, 2026.
- Back to Course Home
- Participation Instructions
- Review the course material online or in print.
- Complete the course evaluation.
- Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.