Works Cited

Mpox: The Ongoing Global Outbreak

Course #94041 - $18-

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  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.

1. World Health Organization. Mpox. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/monkeypox. Last accessed June 5, 2025.

2. Di Giulio DB, Eckburg PB. Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004;4:15-25.

3. Jezek Z, Gromyko AI, Szczeniowski MV. Human monkeypox. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol. 1983;27:13-28.

4. Jezek Z, Grab B, Szczeniowski MV, et al. Human monkeypox: secondary attack rates. Bull World Health Organ. 1988;66:465-470.

5. Vaughan A, Aarons E, Astbury J, et al. Human-to-human transmission of monkeypox virus, United Kingdom, October 2018. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26:782-785.

6. Simpson K, Heymann D, Brown CS, et al. Human monkeypox—after 40 years, an unintended consequence of smallpox eradication. Vaccine. 2020;38:5077-5081.

7. Stacey J. Monkeypox virus outbreak: can evolution guide us to new treatments or vaccines? eBioMedicine 2022;82:104221.

8. Thomassen HA, Fuller T, Asefi-Najafabady S, et al. Pathogen-host associations and predicted range shifts of human monkeypox in response to climate change in central Africa. PLoS One. 2013;8(7):e66071.

9. World Health Organization. 2022 Global Mpox Trends. Available at https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/mpx_global. Last accessed June 5, 2025.

10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mpox. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/index.html. Last accessed June 5, 2025.

11. Thornhill JP, Barkati S, Walmsley S, et al. Monkeypox virus infection in humans across 16 countries—April–June 2022. N Engl J Med. 2022;387:679-691.

12. Mbala PK, Huggins JW, Riu-Rovira T, et al. Maternal and fetal outcomes among pregnant women with human monkeypox infection in the Democratic Republic of Congo. J Infect Dis 2017;216:824-828.

13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mpox Case Definitions. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/hcp/case-definitions. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical Features of Mpox. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/hcp/clinical-signs. Last accessed June 5, 2025.

15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for Collecting and Handling Specimens for Mpox Testing. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/hcp/diagnosis-testing/collecting-specimens.html. Last accessed June 5, 2025.

16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical Treatment of Mpox. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/hcp/clinical-care. Last accessed June 5, 2025.

17. Ndembi N, Folayan MO, Komakech A, et al. Evolving epidemiology of mpox in Africa in 2024. N Engl J Med. 2025;392:666-676.

18. Nachegaa JB, Mohr EL, Dashraath P, et al. Mpox in pregnancy – risks, vertical transmission, prevention, and treatment. N Engl J Med. 2024;391:1267-1270.

19. World Health Organization. Mpox: Multi-Country External Situation Reports, No. 53 Published 29 May 2025. Available at https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/documents/emergencies/multi-country-outbreak-of-mpox--external-situation-report--53.pdf. Last reviewed June 5, 2025.

20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mpox Vaccination. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/vaccines/index.html. Last accessed June 5, 2025..

21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vaccine for Mpox Prevention in the United States. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/hcp/vaccine-considerations/index.html. Last accessed June 5, 2025.

22. World Health Organization. Surveillance, Case Investigation, and Contact Tracing for Mpox (Monkeypox): Interim Guidance, 20 March 2024. Available at https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-MPX-Surveillance-2022.3. Last accessed September 14, 2022.

23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Isolation and Prevention Practices for People with Mpox. Available at https://archive.cdc.gov/#/details?url=https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/mpox/clinicians/isolation-procedures.html. Last accessed June 5, 2025.

24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing Mpox. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/prevention. Last accessed June 5, 2025.

25. World Health Organization. WHO Recommends New Name for Monkeypox Disease. Available at https://www.who.int/news/item/28-11-2022-who-recommends-new-name-for-monkeypox-disease. Last accessed December 12, 2022.

26. McQuiston JH, Braden CR, Bowen MD, et al. The CDC domestic mpox response—United States, 2022–2023. MMWR. 2023;72(20):547-552.

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.