Works Cited

Pathophysiology: Muscles, Joints, and Connective Tissues

Course #38951 - $90-

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.

1. National Institutes of Health. Complete Medical Guide for Disease Volume V: Ankylosing Spondylitis. Online: MedHealth; 2012.

2. Grossman SC, Porths CM. Porth's Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013.

3. Bruyere HJ Jr. 100 Case Studies in Pathophysiology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010.

4. Brashers VL. Clinical Applications of Pathophysiology: Assessment, Diagnostic Reasoning, and Management. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2002.

5. Huether SE, McCance KL, Brashers VL. Understanding Pathophysiology. 7th ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2019.

6. LeMone P, Burke KM. Medical-Surgical Nursing: Critical Thinking in Client Care. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall; 2007.

7. Bullock BL, Henze RL. Focus on Pathophysiology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999.

8. Lazenby RB. Handbook of Pathophysiology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2010.

9. Price SA, Wilson LM. Pathophysiology: Clinical Concepts of Disease Processes. 6th ed. Mosby, 2002.

10. de Boer P, Morgan SJ, van der Werken C. AO Handbook: Orthopedic Trauma Care. New York, NY: Thieme; 2011.

11. Thompson SR, Zlotolow DA. Handbook of Splinting and Casting: Mobile Medicine Series. 1st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby; 2011.

12. El Miedany Y. Musculoskeletal Ultrasonography in Rheumatic Diseases. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International; 2015.

13. Mitchell RN, Kumar V, Fausto N, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Pocket Companion to Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2011.

14. Kellerman RD, Rakel D. Conn's Current Therapy 2022. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2022.

15. Ehrman JK, Gordon PM, Visich PS, Keteyian SJ. Clinical Exercise Physiology. 5th ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, Inc; 2022.

16. Barkauskas V, Baumann LC, Darling-Fisher C. Health and Physical Assessment. 3rd ed. Mosby; 2002.

17. Flynn Makic MB, Martinez-Kratz M (eds). Ackley and Ladwig's Nursing Diagnosis Handbook: An Evidence-Based Guide to Planning Care. 13th ed. Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby; 2022.

18. Ladwig GB, Ackley BJ, Flynn Makic MB, Martinez-Kratz M, Zanotti M. Mosby's Guide to Nursing Diagnosis. 6th ed. Maryland Heights, MO: Mosby; 2021.

19. Ferrell BR, Coyle N. Oxford Textbook of Palliative Nursing. 5th ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2019.

20. Berg S, Bittner EA. The Massachusetts General Hospital Review of Critical Care Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013.

21. Lupus Foundation of America. Lab Tests for Lupus. Available at https://www.lupus.org/resources/lab-tests-for-lupus. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

22. Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ, et al. 2010 rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(9):2569-2581.

23. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Rheumatoid Arthritis. Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2009.

24. Rindflesich JA, Muller D. Diagnosis and management of rheumatoid arthritis. Am Fam Physician. 2005;72(6):1037-1047.

25. Ranatunga SKM. Rheumatoid Arthritis. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331715-overview. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

26. Firestein GS. Etiology and pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. In: Firestein GS, Budd RC, Gabriel SE, McInnes IB, O'Dell JR (eds). Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders; 2013: 1059-1069.

27. O'Dell JR. Rheumatoid arthritis. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI (eds). Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 25th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2015.

28. Andersson ML, Svensson B, Petersson IF, et al. Early increase in serum-COMP is associated with joint damage progression over the first five years in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2013;14:229.

29. Pincus T, Sokka T. Laboratory tests to assess patients with rheumatoid arthritis: advantages and limitations. Rheum Dis Clin N Am. 2009;35(4):731-734.

30. Lozada CJ, Culpepper SS. Osteoarthritis Workup. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/330487-workup#c11. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

31. Radiological Society of America, American College of Radiology. Musculoskeletal MRI. Available at https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/muscmr. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

32. American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Ultrasound Imaging of Musculoskeletal Disorders. Available at https://now.aapmr.org/ultrasound-imaging-of-musculoskeletal-disorders. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

33. Ono K, Dvořác J, Dunn E. Cervical Spondylosis and Similar Disorders. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific; 1998.

34. National Human Genome Research Institute. About Marfan Syndrome. Available at https://www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disorders/Marfan-Syndrome. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

35. Black JM, Hawks JH. Medical-Surgical Nursing. 8th ed. St. Louis, MO: Saunders; 2008.

36. The Ehlers-Danlos Society. 2017 EDS International Classification. Available at https://www.ehlers-danlos.com/2017-eds-international-classification. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

37. McMahon P, Skinner HB. Current Diagnosis and Treatment in Orthopedics. 6th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2021.

38. Ashworth NL. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/327330-overview. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

39. American Society for Surgery of the Hand. de Quervain's Tendonitis. Available at https://www.assh.org/handcare/condition/dequervains-tenosynovitis. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

40. American Society for Surgery of the Hand. Trigger Finger. Available at https://www.assh.org/handcare/condition/trigger-finger. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

41. Morrissey D. Guidelines and pathways for clinical practice in tendinopathy: their role and development. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2015;45(11):819-822.

42. Ohio State University. Tendinopathy Clinical Practice Guideline. Available at https://wexnermedical.osu.edu/-/media/files/wexnermedical/patient-care/healthcare-services/sports-medicine/education/medical-professionals/other/tendinopathy.pdf. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

43. Acharya S, Musa R. Polymyalgia Rheumatica. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2022.

44. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis. Available at https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/polymyalgia-rheumatica-giant-cell-arteritis. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

45. Dejaco C, Singh YP, Perel P, et al. 2015 recommendations for the management of polymyalgia rheumatica: a European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(10):2569-2580.

46. Jones L. Scleroderma: Your Guide to Scleroderma Symptoms and Treatments. Learning Life eBooks; 2011.

47. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Lupus: A Patient Care Guide for Nurses and Other Health Professionals. 3rd ed. NIH Publication No. 06-4262. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2006.

48. Falvo DR. Medical and Psychosocial Aspects of Chronic Illness and Disability. 6th ed. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers; 2017.

49. Wallace DJ. The Lupus Book: A Guide for Patients and Their Families. 5th ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2012.

50. Phillips RH. Coping with Lupus: A Practical Guide to Alleviating the Challenges of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Penguin Putnam; 2001.

51. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Handout on Health: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Available at https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/lupus. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

52. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lupus Basics. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/lupus/about/. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

53. Lupus Foundation of America. What is Lupus? Available at https://www.lupus.org/resources/what-is-lupus. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

54. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Women's Health. Lupus. Available at https://www.womenshealth.gov/lupus?from=AtoZ. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

55. Lupus Research Alliance. What is Lupus? Available at https://www.lupusresearch.org/about-lupus/what-is-lupus/. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

56. Mayo Clinic. Lupus. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lupus/symptoms-causes/syc-20365789. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

57. Lupus Foundation of America. Understanding Your Risk for Lupus. Available at https://www.lupus.org/resources/understanding-your-risk-for-lupus. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

58. Alexander LL, LaRosa JH, Bader H, Garfield S. New Dimensions in Women's Health. 8th ed. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers; 2020.

59. Aringer M, Costenbader K, Daikh D, et al. 2019 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71(9):1400-1412.

60. Kauffman CL. Drug-Induced Lupus Erythematosus. Available at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1065086-overview#a0156. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

61. Lupus Foundation of America. How Lupus Affects the Bones. Available at https://www.lupus.org/resources/how-lupus-affects-the-bones. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

62. Lupus Foundation of America. What You Need to Know About Anemia. Available at https://www.lupus.org/resources/what-you-need-to-know-about-anemia. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

63. Lupus Foundation of America. Cognitive Dysfunction in Lupus is Prevalent and Not Associated with Disease Activity. Available at https://www.lupus.org/news/cognitive-dysfunction-in-lupus-is-prevalent-and-not-associated-with-disease-activity. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

64. Lyons RF, Duck S, Langille L, Sullivan MJL. Mobilizing support in chronic illness: a relationship perspective. In: Stewart MJ (ed). Chronic Conditions and Caregiving in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press; 2000: 223-246.

65. Keller SM. Social Support and Psychological Distress in Women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [dissertation]. Cleveland, OH: Case Western Reserve University; 1999.

66. Marx J. The need for lupus support groups. Health Values. 1985:35-36.

67. Darner GF. Self-Concept and Psychosocial Adjustment in Women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [dissertation]. Long Island, NY: Adelphi University; 1991.

68. Odonwodo A, Badri T, Hariz A. Scleroderma. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2022.

69. Kowal-Bielecka O, Fransen J, Avouac J, et al. Update of EULAR recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(8):1327-1339.

70. Del Galdo F, Lescoat A, Conaghan PG, et al. EULAR recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis: 2023 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2024;0:1-12.

71. Anderson BC. Office Orthopedics for Primary Care: Treatment. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2005.

72. Mueller-Wohlfahrt H-W, Haensel L, Mithoefer K, et al. Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: the Munich consensus statement. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(6):342-350.

73. Torres PA, Helmstetter JA, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. Rhabdomyolysis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Ochsner J. 2015;15(1): 58-69.

74. Malkina A. Rhabdomyolysis. Available at https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/genitourinary-disorders/acute-kidney-injury/rhabdomyolysis. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

75. Vanholder R, Sükrü Sever M, Erek E, Lameire N. Rhabdomyolysis. JASN. 2000;11(8):1553-1561.

76. Eiff MP, Hatch R. Fracture Management for Primary Care. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2017.

77. Brown TE, Cui Q, Mihalko WM, Saleh K. Arthritis and Arthroplasty: The Hip. 1st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2009.

78. Singh JA, Guyatt G, Ogdie A, et al. Special article: 2018 American College of Rheumatology/National Psoriasis Foundation guideline for the treatment of psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71(1):5-32.

79. Schlesinger N, Brunetti L, Androulakis IP. Does seasonality of the microbiota contribute to the seasonality of acute gout flare? Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2022;40(9):1793-1800.

80. Bodofsky S, Merriman TR, Thomas TJ, Schlesinger N. Advances in our understanding of gout as an auto-inflammatory disease. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2020;50(5):1089-1100.

81. Rothschild BM. Gout and Pseudogout: Epidemiology. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/329958-overview#a5. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

82. Roddy E, Doherty M. Epidemiology of gout. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12:223.

83. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Gout. Available at https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/gout. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

84. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Gout. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/gout/. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

85. Choi HK, Mount DB, Reginato AM. Pathogenesis of gout. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143(7):499-516.

86. Fitzgerald JD, Dalbeth N, Mikuls T, et al. 2020 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the management of gout. Arthritis Care Res. 2020;72(6):744-760.

87. Martinon F, Glimcher LH. Gout: New insights into an old disease. J Clin Invest. 2006;116(8):2073-2075.

88. Cleveland Clinic. Pseudogout (Chondrocalciosis or CPPD). Available at https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/pseudogout-chondrocalcinosis-cppd. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

89. Chohan S, Becker MA, MacDonald PA, Chefo S, Jackson RL. Women with gout: efficacy and safety of urate-lowering with febuxostat and allopurinol. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64(2):256-261.

90. Khanna D, Khanna PP, Fitzgerald JD, et al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 2: therapy and anti-inflammatory prophylaxis of acute gouty arthritis. Arthritis Care Res. 2012;64(10):1447-1461.

91. FitzGerald JD, Dalbeth N, Mikuls T, et al. 2020 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the management of gout. Arthritis Care Res. 2020;72(6):744-760.

92. LexiComp Online. Available at https://online.lexi.com. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

93. Nuki G. Colchicine: its mechanism of action and efficacy in crystal-induced inflammation. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2008;10(3):218-227.

94. Rathmell JP. A 50-year-old man with chronic low back pain. JAMA. 2008;299(17):2066-2077.

95. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Low Back Pain Fact Sheet. Available at https://www.ninds.nih.gov/sites/default/files/migrate-documents/low_back_pain_20-ns-5161_march_2020_508c.pdf. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

96. Stevans JM, Saper RB. Chronic low back pain. In: Rakel D (ed). Integrative Medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Inc.; 2012.

97. Corwell BN. The emergency department evaluation, management, and treatment of back pain. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2010;28(4):811-839.

98. Will JS, Bury DC, Miller JA. Mechanical low back pain. Am Fam Physician. 2018;98(7):421-428.

99. Chou R, Qaseem A, Snow V, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147(7):478-491.

100. Zhou Y. Principles of pain management. In: Daroff RB (ed). Bradley's Neurology in Clinical Practice. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Inc.; 2012.

101. Mayo Clinic. Myofascial Pain Syndrome. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myofascial-pain-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20375444. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

102. Cedars-Sinai. Facet Joint Syndrome. Available at https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/f/facet-joint-syndrome.html. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

103. Balagué F, Mannion AF, Pellisé F, Cedraschi C. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet. 2012;379(9814):482-491.

104. Flynn TW, Smith B, Chou R. Appropriate use of diagnostic imaging in low back pain: a reminder that unnecessary imaging may do as much harm as good. J Orthopaedic Sports Phys Ther. 2011;41(11):838-846.

105. American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Cervical and thoracic spine disorders. In: Hegmann KT (ed). Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines: Evaluation and Management of Common Health Problems and Functional Recovery in Workers. Elk Grove Village, IL: American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; 2011: 1-332.

106. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Datta S, et al. Comprehensive review of epidemiology, scope, and impact of spinal pain. Pain Physician. 2009;12(4):E35-E70.

107. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for chronic pain management. Anesthesiology. 2010;112(4):810-833.

108. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement. Health Care Guideline: Adult Acute and Subacute Low Back Pain. Available at https://chiro.org/Graphics_Box_LOW_BACK/FULL/Adult_Acute_and_Subacute_Low_Back_Pain.pdf. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

109. Chou R, Loeser JD, Owens DK, et al. Interventional therapies, surgery, and interdisciplinary rehabilitation for low back pain: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline from the American Pain Society. Spine. 2009;34(10):1066-1077.

110. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Low Back Pain in Adults: Early Management. Available at https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg88. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

111. Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA, et al. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(7):514-530.

112. Venable S. Springhouse Nurse's Drug Guide 2008. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007.

113. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Screening. Available at https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/recommendation/adolescent-idiopathic-scoliosis-screening. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

114. Stapleton MJ. Occupation and carpal tunnel syndrome. ANZ J Surg. 2006;76(6):494-496.

115. Ratzlaff CR, Gillies JH, Koehoorn MW. Work-related repetitive strain injury and leisure-time physical activity. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57(3):495-500.

116. American College of Rheumatology. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Available at https://rheumatology.org/patients/carpal-tunnel-syndrome. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

117. FamilyDoctor.org. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Available at https://familydoctor.org/condition/carpal-tunnel-syndrome/. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

118. Mayo Clinic. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Available at https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/carpal-tunnel-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20355603. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

119. Weber RA, Boyer KM. Consecutive versus simultaneous bilateral carpal tunnel release. Ann Plast Surg. 2005;54(1):15-19.

120. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Fact Sheet. Available at https://www.ninds.nih.gov/sites/default/files/migrate-documents/carpal_tunnel_syndrome_e_march_2020_508c_0.pdf. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

121. Mallette P, Zhao M, Zurakowski D, Ring D. Muscle atrophy at diagnosis of carpal and cubital tunnel syndrome. J Hand Surg Am. 2007;32(6):855-858.

122. Cartwright MS, Hobson-Webb LD, Boon AJ, et al. Evidence-based guideline: neuromuscular ultrasound for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 2012;46(2):287-293.

123. Washington State Department of Labor and Industries. Work-Related Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Diagnosis and Treatment Guideline. Olympia, WA: Washington State Department of Labor and Industries; 2014.

124. Blumenthal S, Herskovitz S, Verghese J. Carpal tunnel syndrome in older adults. Muscle Nerve. 2006;34(1):78-83.

125. Baysal O, Altay Z, Ozcan C, Ertem K, Yologlu S, Kayhan A. Comparison of three conservative treatment protocols in carpal tunnel syndrome. Int J Clin Pract. 2006;60(7):820-828.

126. Verdugo RJ, Salinas RA, Castillo JL, Cea JG. Surgical versus non-surgical treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;(4):CD001552.

127. Scholten RJPM, Mink van der Molen A, Uitdehaag BMJ, Bouter LM, de Vet HCW. Surgical treatment options for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(4):CD003905.

128. Marshall SC, Tardif G, Ashworth NL. Local corticosteroid injection for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(2):CD001554.

129. Ettema AM, Amadio PC, Cha SS, Harrington JR, Harris AM, Offord KP. Surgery versus conservative therapy in carpal tunnel syndrome in people aged 70 years and older. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118(4):947-958.

130. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Clinical Practice Guideline on the Management of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2016.

131. O'Connor D, Marshall SC, Massy-Westropp N. Non-surgical treatment (other than steroid injection) for carpal tunnel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(1):CD003219.

132. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Available at https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/carpal-tunnel-syndrome. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

133. Taber's Online Medical Dictionary. Available at https://www.tabers.com/tabersonline. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

134. Herndon CM, Hutchison RW, Berdine HJ, et al. Management of chronic nonmalignant pain with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Pharmacotherapy. 2008;28(6):788-805.

135. Piazzini DB, Aprile I, Ferrara PE, et al. A systematic review of conservative treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Clin Rehabil. 2007;21(4):299-314.

136. Hegmann KT. Hand, wrist, and forearm disorders not including carpal tunnel syndrome. In: Hegmann KT (ed). Occupational Medicine Practice Guidelines: Evaluation and Management of Common Health Problems and Functional Recovery in Workers. 3rd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; 2011: 1-188.

137. Work Loss Data Institute. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (Acute and Chronic). Encinitas, CA: Work Loss Data Institute; 2011.

138. Mount Sinai Medical Center. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Available at https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/diseases-conditions/carpal-tunnel-syndrome. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

139. Naeser MA, Hahn KA, Lieberman BE, Branco KF. Carpal tunnel syndrome pain treated with low-level laser and microamperes TENS: a controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(7):978-988.

140. American Society for Surgery of the Hand. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Available at https://www.assh.org/handcare/condition/carpal-tunnel-syndrome. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

141. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Osteoarthritis. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/osteoarthritis/. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

142. Lawrence R, Felson DT, Helmick CG, et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States. Part II. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:26-35.

143. Sayre E, Li LC, Kopec JA, Esdaile JM, Bar S, Cibere J. The effect of disease site (knee, hip, hand, foot, lower back or neck) on employment reduction due to osteoarthritis. PLoS. 2010;5(5):e10470.

144. Kalichman L, Li L, Kim DH, et al. Facet joint osteoarthritis and low back pain in the community-based population. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008;33(23):2560-2565.

145. Lozada CJ. Osteoarthritis. Available at https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/330487-overview. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

146. Millett P, Gobezie R, Boykin RE. Shoulder osteoarthritis: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 2008;78(5):605-611, 612.

147. Cheung EV, Adams R, Morrey BF. Primary osteoarthritis of the elbow: current treatment options. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2008;16(2):77-87.

148. Chou LB, Coughlin MT, Hansen S Jr, et al. Osteoarthritis of the ankle: the role of arthroplasty. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2008;16(5):249-259.

149. Brown T, Johnston RC, Saltzman CL, Marsh JL, Buckwalter JA. Posttraumatic osteoarthritis: a first estimate of incidence, prevalence, and burden of disease. J Orthop Trauma. 2006;20(10):739-744.

150. Maffulli N, Longo UG, Gougoulias N, Caine D, Denaro V. Sports injuries: a review of outcomes. Br Med Bull. 2011;97:47-80.

151. National Health Service UK. Overview: Osteoarthritis. Available at https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/osteoarthritis. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

152. Altman R, Kuritzky L, Ruoff G. Improving long-term management of osteoarthritis: strategies for primary care physicians. J Fam Pract. 2009;58(2 Suppl):S17-S24.

153. Hinton R, Moody RL, Davis AW, Thomas SF. Osteoarthritis: diagnosis and therapeutic considerations. Am Fam Physician. 2002;65(5):841-848.

154. Cibere J. Do we need radiographs to diagnose osteoarthritis? Best Pract Res Clin. 2006;20:27-38.

155. Hunter DJ, Felson DT. Osteoarthritis. BMJ. 2006;332(7542):639-642.

156. Bedson J, Croft PR. The discordance between clinical and radiographic knee osteoarthritis: a systematic search and summary of the literature. BMC Musculoskeletal Disord. 2008;9:116.

157. Kornaat PR, Bloem JL, Ceulemans RYT, et al. Osteoarthritis of the knee: association between clinical features and MR imaging findings. Radiology. 2006;239(3):811-817.

158. Kolasinski SL, Neogi T, Hochberg MC, et al. 2019 American College of Rheumatology/Arthritis Foundation Guideline for the management of osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee. Arthritis Rheum. 2020;72(2):220-233.

159. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Preventing, diagnosing, and managing osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. City Health Information. 2012;31(2):9-16.

160. Kloppenburg M, Kroon FPB, Blanco FJ, et al. 2018 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of hand osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78:16-24.

161. Altman R, Alarcon G, Appelrouth D, et al. The American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis of the hand. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33:1601-1610.

162. Johns Hopkins Arthritis Center. ACR Diagnostic Guidelines. Available at https://www.hopkinsarthritis.org/physician-corner/education/arthritis-education-diagnostic-guidelines. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

163. Gramstad G, Galatz LM. Management of elbow osteoarthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88:421-430.

164. American College of Rheumatology. Interdisciplinary Care Team. Available at https://rheumatology.org/interdisciplinary-care-team. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

165. Langworthy M, Saad A, Langworthy NM. Conservative treatment modalities and outcomes for osteoarthritis: the concomitant pyramid of treatment. Phys Sports Med. 2010;38(2):133-145.

166. Jordan K, Arden NK, Doherty M, et al. EULAR recommendations 2003: an evidence-based approach to the management of knee osteoarthritis: report of a Task Force of the Standing Committee for International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutic Trials (ESCISIT). Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62(12):1145-1155.

167. Agency for Healthcare Policy and Research. Managing Osteoarthritis: Helping the Elderly Maintain Function and Mobility. Research in Action, Issue 4. AHRQ Publication No. 02-0023. Rockville, MD: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research; 2002.

168. Stacey D, Hawker G, Dervin G, et al. Improving shared decision making in osteoarthritis. BMJ. 2008;336(7650):954-955.

169. Altman R. Early management of osteoarthritis. Am J Manag Care. 2010;16(Suppl Management):S41-S47.

170. Zhang W, Moskowitz RW, Nuki G, et al. OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis. Part II: OARSI evidence-based, expert consensus guidelines. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008;16(2):137-162.

171. Felson DT, Lawrence RC, Dieppe PA, et al. Osteoarthritis: new insights. Part 1: the disease and its risk factors. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133(8):635-646.

172. Goldring SR. A 55-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis. JAMA. 2000;283(4):524-531.

173. Singh K, Al-Sadawi M, Ortega RR, et al. Interstitial lung disease as the initial manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Med Case Rep. 2019;7(12):342-347.

174. Alunno A, Gerli R, Giacomelli R, Carubbi F. Clinical, epidemiological, and histopathological features of respiratory involvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Biomed Res Int. 2017;7915340.

175. Kremers HM, Crowson CS, Therneau TM, et al. High ten-year risk of cardiovascular disease in newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis patients: a population-based cohort study. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(8):2268-2274.

176. Balbir-Gurman A, Yigla M, Nahir AM, Braun-Moscovici Y. Rheumatoid pleural effusion. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2006;35(6):368-378.

177. Helmers R, Galvin J, Hunninghake GW. Pulmonary manifestations associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Chest. 1991;100(1):235-238.

178. Jurik AG, Davidsen D, Graudal H. Prevalence of pulmonary involvement in rheumatoid arthritis and its relationship to some characteristics of the patients: a radiological and clinical study. Scand J Rheumatol. 1982;11(4):217-224.

179. Young S. Ocular involvement in connective tissue disorders. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2005;5(4):323-326.

180. Smith JR, Mackensen F, Rosenbaum JT. Therapy insight: scleritis and its relationship to systemic autoimmune disease. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2007;3(4):219-226.

181. Michels ML, Cobo LM, Caldwell DS, Rice JR, Haynes BF. Rheumatoid arthritis and sterile corneal ulceration: analysis of tissue immune effector cells and ocular epithelial antigens using monoclonal antibodies. Arthritis Rheum. 1984;27(6):606-614.

182. Schett G, Hayer S, Zwerina J, Redlich K, Smolen JS. Mechanisms of disease: the link between RANKL and arthritic bone disease. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2005;1(1):47-54.

183. Compston JE, Vedi S, Croucher PI, Garrahan NJ, O'Sullivan MM. Bone turnover in non-steroid treated rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1994;53(3):163-166.

184. Roldan JF, Del Rincon I, Escalante A. Loss of cortical bone from the metacarpal diaphysis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: independent effects of systemic inflammation and glucocorticoids. J Rheumatol. 2006;33(3):508-516.

185. British Columbia Medical Association. Rheumatoid Arthritis: Diagnosis, Management, and Monitoring. Available at https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/practitioner-professional-resources/bc-guidelines/rheumatoid-arthritis. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

186. Myriad Genetics. Myriad Genetics Launches New Vectra Cardiovascular Risk Assessment for Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Available at https://investor.myriad.com/news-releases/news-release-detail/21796. September 8, 2025.

187. Curtis JR, van der Helm-van Mil AH, Knevel R, et al. Validation of a novel multibiomarker test to assess rheumatoid arthritis disease activity. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2012;64(12):1794-1803.

188. Labcorp. Vectra by Labcorp. Available at https://www.labcorp.com/treatment-areas/rheumatology/clinical-testing/vectra. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

189. McGonagle D, Tan AL. What magnetic resonance imaging has told us about the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: the first 50 years. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008;10(5):222.

190. O'Dell JR. Clinical features of rheumatoid arthritis. In: Firestein GS, Budd RC, Gabriel SE, McInnes IB, O'Dell JR (eds). Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders; 2013: 1109-1136.

191. Akil M, Amos RS. ABC of rheumatology: rheumatoid arthritis. I: clinical features and diagnosis. BMJ. 1995;310(6979):587-590.

192. Baker JF. Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/diagnosis-and-differential-diagnosis-of-rheumatoid-arthritis. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

193. Smolen JS, Landewé R, Bijilsma J, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: 2022 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023;82(1):3-18.

194. Jurgens MS, Welsing PM, Jacobs JW. Overview and analysis of treat-to-target trials in rheumatoid arthritis reporting on remission. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2012;30(4 Suppl 73):S56-63.

195. Fraenkel L, Bathon JM, England BR, et al. 2021 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021;73(7):924-939.

196. Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Allaart CF, et al. Comparison of treatment strategies in early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(6):406-415.

197. Pincus T, O'Dell JR, Kremer JM. Combination therapy with multiple disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in rheumatoid arthritis: a preventive strategy. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131(10):768-774.

198. Olsen NJ, Stein CM. New drugs for rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(21):2167-2179.

199. Wells G, Li T, Maxwell L, MacLean R, Tugwell P. Determining the minimal clinically important differences in activity, fatigue, and sleep quality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2007;34(2):280-289.

200. Jaffe HL. Metabolic, Degenerative, and Inflammatory Diseases of Bones and Joints. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger; 1972.

201. Momodu II, Savaliya V. Septic Arthritis. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2022.

202. Malawer MM, Sugarbaker PH. Musculoskeletal Cancer Surgery: Treatment of Sarcomas and Allied Diseases. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 2001.

203. Cancer Research UK. Survival for Soft Tissue Sarcomas. Available at https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/soft-tissue-sarcoma/survival. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

204. National Cancer Institute. Clear Cell Sarcoma. Available at https://www.cancer.gov/pediatric-adult-rare-tumor/rare-tumors/rare-soft-tissue-tumors/clear-cell-sarcoma. Last accessed September 8, 2025.

205. National Institutes of Health National Institute of Arthritis, Smith S. Scoliosis: Revised Edition: Causes, Symptoms, Signs, Diagnosis and Treatments. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform; 2012.

206. Donatelli RA, Wooden MJ. Orthopaedic Physical Therapy. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Churchill Livingstone; 2009.

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.