Works Cited

Pharmacotherapy to Assist with Smoking Cessation

Course #91810 - $36-

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  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tobacco product use among US middle and high school students—National Youth Tobacco Survey, 2023. MMWR. 2023;72(44):1173-1182.

2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Smoking Cessation: A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General; 2020.

3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adult Data on Smoking. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/adult_data/cig_smoking/index.htm. Last accessed October 1, 2024.

4. American Lung Association. Tobacco Use among Children and Teens. Available at https://www.lung.org/quit-smoking/smoking-facts/tobacco-use-among-children. Last accessed October 1, 2024.

5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health Effects. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/health_effects/index.htm. Last accessed October 1, 2024.

6. Cockerham WC, Hamby BW, Oates GR. The social determinants of chronic disease. Am J Prev Med. 2017;41(suppl 1):S5-S12.

7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. People with Mental Health Conditions. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/groups/people-with-mental-health-conditions.html. Last accessed October 1, 2024.

8. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Think E-cigs Can't Harm Teens' Health? Available at https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/public-health-education/think-e-cigs-cant-harm-teens-health. Last accessed October 1, 2024.

9. Balfour DJK, Benowitz NL, Colby SM, et al. Balancing consideration of the risks and benefits of e-cigarettes. Am J Public Health. 2021;111(9):1661-1672.

10. American Heart Association. Smokers, Especially Those Who Begin Young, Are Three Times More Likely to Die Prematurely. Available at https://newsroom.heart.org/news/smokers-especially-those-who-begin-young-are-three-times-more-likely-to-die-prematurely. Last accessed October 1, 2024.

11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cancer and Tobacco Use. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/cancerandtobacco. Last accessed October 1, 2024.

12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking Data. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/index.htm. Last accessed October 1, 2024.

13. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. How Smoking Affects Heart Health. Available at https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/health-effects-tobacco-use/how-smoking-affects-heart-health. Last accessed October 1, 2024.

14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Benefits of Quitting Smoking. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/about/benefits-of-quitting.html. Last accessed October 1, 2024.

15. Höpner J, Junge U, Schmidt-Pokrzywniak A, Fischer C, Mikolajczyk R. Determinants of persistent smoking after acute myocardial infarction: an observational study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2020;20(1):384.

16. Tiwari RK, Sharma V, Pandey RK, Shukla SS. Nicotine addiction: neurobiology and mechanism. J Pharmacopuncture. 2020;23(1):1-7.

17. Yang B, Owusu D, Popova L. Effects of a nicotine fact sheet on perceived risk of nicotine and e-cigarettes and intentions to seek information about and use e-cigarettes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;17(1):131.

18. Fiore MC, Jaén CR, Baker TB, et al. Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update. Clinical Practice Guidelines. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service; 2008.

19. Truth Initiative. Quitting Tobacco: Facts and Stats. Available at https://truthinitiative.org/research-resources/quitting-smoking-vaping/quitting-tobacco-facts-and-stats. Last accessed October 1, 2024.

20. Lindson-Hawley N, Aveyard P, Hughes JR. Reduction versus abrupt cessation in smokers who want to quit. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;11:CD008033.

21. Lindson-Hawley N, Banting M, West R, Michie S, Shinkins B, Aveyard P. Gradual versus abrupt smoking cessation: a randomized, controlled noninferiority trial. Ann Intern Med. 2016;164(9):585-592.

22. DiPiro J, Yee G, Haines ST, Nolin TD, Ellingrod V, Posey LM. Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach. 12th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2023.

23. Hartmann-Boyce J, Chepkin SC, Ye W, Bullen C, Lancaster T. Nicotine replacement therapy versus control for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;5:CD000146.

24. Stead LF, Perera R, Bullen C, et al. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;11: CD000146.

25. Hughes JR, Stead LF, Hartmann-Boyce J, Cahill K, Lancaster T. Antidepressants for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;1:CD000031.

26. Anthenelli RM, Benowitz NL, West R, et al. Neuropsychiatric safety and efficacy of varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine patch in smokers with and without psychiatric disorders (EAGLES): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10037):2507-2520.

27. Cahill K, Lindson-Hawley N, Thomas KH, Fanshawe TR, Lancaster T. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;CD006103.

28. Chang PH, Chiang CH, Ho WC, Wu PZ, Tsai JS, Guo FR. Combination therapy of varenicline with nicotine replacement therapy is better than varenicline alone: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:689.

29. Park ER. Behavioral Approaches to Smoking Cessation. Available at https://www.uptodate.com/contents/behavioral-approaches-to-smoking-cessation. Last accessed October 1, 2026.

30. Anderson GD, Chan LN. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with tobacco, cannabinoids and smoking cessation products. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2016;55(11):1353-1368.

31. Li H, Shi Q. Drugs and diseases interacting with cigarette smoking in US prescription drug labelling. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2015;54(5): 493-501.

32. Faber MS, Fuhr U. Time response of cytochrome P450 1A2 activity on cessation of heavy smoking. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2004;76(2): 178-184.

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.