Works Cited

Sharps Safety and Needlestick Prevention

Course #31023 - $15-

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Workbook for Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating a Sharps Injury Prevention Program. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/infection-control/media/pdfs/sharps-safety-workbook-2008-p.pdf. Last accessed November 4, 2025.

2. Clarke SP, Sloane DM, Aiken LH. Effects of hospital staffing and organizational climate on needlestick injuries to nurses. Am J Public Health. 2002;92(7):1115-1119.

3. Clarke SP, Rockett JL, Sloane DM, Aiken LH. Organizational climate, staffing, and safety equipment as predictors of needlestick injuries and near-misses in hospital nurses. Am J Infect Control. 2002;30(4):207-216.

4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Bloodborne Infectious Disease Risk Factors. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/healthcare/risk-factors/bloodborne-infectious-diseases.html. Last accessed November 12, 2025.

5. Panlilio AL, Orelien JG, Srivastava PU, et al. Estimate of the annual number of percutaneous injuries among hospital-based healthcare workers in the United States, 1997–1998. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2004;25(7):556-562.

6. Mannocci A, De Carli G, Di Bari V, et al. How much do needlestick injuries cost? A systematic review of the economic evaluations of needlestick and sharps injuries among healthcare personnel. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2016;37(6):635-646.

7. Lavoie MC, Verbeek JH, Pahwa M. Devices for preventing percutaneous exposure injuries caused by needles in healthcare personnel. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(3):CD009740.

8. Ballout RA, Diab B, Harb AC, Tarabay R, Khamassi S, Akl EA. Use of safety-engineered devices by healthcare workers for intravenous and/or phlebotomy procedures in healthcare settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2016;16:458.

9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sharps Safety for Healthcare Settings. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/infection-control/hcp/sharps-safety/. Last accessed November 5 2025.

10. International Safety Center. EPINet Report for Needlestick and Sharp Object Injuries. Available at https://aoec.org/wp-content/uploads/Official-2024-NeedleSummary-06-25.pdf. Last accessed November 6, 2025.

11. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Bloodborne Pathogens and Needlestick Prevention. Available at https://www.osha.gov/bloodborne-pathogens/standards. Last accessed December 2, 2025.

12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Stop Sticks Campaign. Available at https://archive.cdc.gov/#/details?url=https://www.cdc.gov/nora/councils/hcsa/stopsticks/whattodo.html. Last accessed November 25, 2025.

13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim Statement Regarding Potential Fetal Harm from Exposure to Dolutegravir: Implications for HIV Post-exposure Prophylaxis (PEP). Available at https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/80420. Last accessed December 4, 2025.

14. American Nurses Association. Fact Sheet: Safe Needles Save Lives. Available at https://www.nursingworld.org/globalassets/docs/ana/snsl-fact-sheet_final110110.pdf. Last accessed November 12, 2025.

15. Zehnder NG. What Should I Do If I Get a Needlestick? Available at https://www.the-hospitalist.org/hospitalist/article/124195/what-should-i-do-if-i-get-needlestick. Last accessed December 4, 2025.

16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis B Vaccine Administration. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-b/hcp/vaccine-administration/index.html. Last accessed December 4, 2025.

17. Kofman AD, Struble KA, Heneine W, et al. 2025 US Public Health Service Guidelines for the Management of Occupational Exposures to Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Recommendations for Post-exposure Prophylaxis in Healthcare Settings. Available at https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/183609. Last accessed December 4, 2025.

18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance for Viral Hepatitis. Available at https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/hepatitis/statistics/2017surveillance/index.htm. https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2020surveillance/index.htm. Last accessed November 14, 2025.

19. Joyce MP, Kuhar D, Brooks JT. Notes from the field: occupationally acquired HIV infection among health care workers—United States, 1985–2013. MMWR. 2015;63(53):1245-1246.

20. Mast EE, Weinbaum CM, Fiore AE, et al. A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Part II: immunization of adults. MMWR. 2006;55(RR16):1-33.

21. Centers for Disease Control. HIV Occupational Transmission. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/causes/occupational-transmission.html. Last accessed November 12, 2025.

22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated U.S. Public Health Service guidelines for the management of occupational exposures to HBV, HCB, and HIV and recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis. MMWR. 2001;50(RR11):1-42.

23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing Hepatitis in Healthcare Settings. Available at https://www.who.int/europe/activities/preventing-hepatitis-in-health-care-settings. Last accessed November 25, 2025.

24. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Achievements in public health: hepatitis B vaccination—United States, 1982–2002. MMWR. 2002;51(25):549-552, 563.

25. Schillie S, Murphy TV, Sawyer M, et al. CDC guidance for evaluating health-care personnel for hepatitis B virus protection and for administering postexposure management. MMWR. 2013;62(RR10):1-19.

26. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. How to Prevent Needlestick and Sharps Injuries. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2012-123/pdfs/2012-123.pdf. Last accessed November 25, 2025.

27. American Nurses Association. Sharps Injury Prevention. Available at https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/work-environment/health-safety/safe-needles/. Last accessed November 25, 2025.

28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Selecting, Evaluating, and Using Sharps Disposal Containers. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/97-111/default.html. Last accessed December 4, 2025.

29. Wilburn SQ, Eijkemans G. Preventing needlestick injuries among healthcare workers: a WHO-ICN collaboration. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2004;10(4):451-456.

30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. FDA, NIOSH & OSHA joint safety communication: Blunt-tip surgical suture needles reduce needlestick injuries and the risk of subsequent bloodborne pathogen transmission to surgical personnel. Available at https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/21956#tabs-2. Last accessed November 5, 2025.

31. Weng MK, Doshani M, Khan MA, et al. Universal hepatitis B vaccination in adults aged 19–59 years: updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices—United States, 2022. MMWR. 2022;71(13):477-483.

32. International Safety Center. Moving the Sharps Safety in Healthcare Agenda Forward in the United States: 2020 Consensus Statement and Call to Action. Available at https://www.facs.org/media/mf2czh1p/consensus-statement-on-sharps_2020.pdf. Last accessed December 4, 2025.

33. Schillie S, Vellozzi C, Reingold A, et al. Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR. 2018;67(RR1):1-31.

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.