2. Patient P, a 34-year-old South Asian woman, presents at 32 weeks' gestation with elevated blood pressure. She mentions that her concerns about headaches and swelling were dismissed at her last two prenatal visits. Which of the following best reflects how structural racism may be contributing to this situation?

• The patient's cultural background makes her less likely to accurately report symptoms.
• Pre-eclampsia is clinically identical across all patient populations and easy to detect.
• Research documents that women of color are more likely to have their pain and symptoms underestimated or dismissed by providers.
• Prenatal care quality is determined primarily by individual patient compliance.