Works Cited

The Mechanism-Based Approach to Pain Management

Course #94094 - $15-

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  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.

1. Guy GP Jr, Miller GF, Legha JK, et al. Economic costs of chronic pain—United States, 2021. Med Care. 2025;63(9):679-685.

2. Schoenfeld AJ, Geiger J, Princic N, et al. Economic burden of managing acute and chronic pain in the United States: national estimates from 2022 data. Presented at: The International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research Annual Meeting; May 2024; Atlanta, GA.

3. Yong RJ, Mullins PM, Bhattacharyya N. Prevalence of chronic pain among adults in the United States. Pain. 2022;163(2):e328-e332.

4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC clinical practice guideline for prescribing opioids for pain—United States, 2022. MMWR. 2022;71(3):1-95.

5. Cook CE, Rhon DI, Bialosky J, et al. Developing manual therapy frameworks for dedicated pain mechanisms. JOSPT Open. 2023;1(1):1-108.

6. Chimenti RL, Frey-Law LA, Sluka KA. A mechanism-based approach to physical therapist management of pain. Phys Ther. 2018;98(5):302-314.

7. Yam MF, Loh YC, Tan CS, Khadijah Adam S, Abdul Manan N, Basir R. General pathways of pain sensation and the major neurotransmitters involved in pain regulation. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(8):2164.

8. Cao B, Xu Q, Shi Y, et al. Pathology of pain and its implications for therapeutic interventions. Sig Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9:155.

9. : Liu S, Kelliher L. Physiology of pain—a narrative review on the pain pathway and its application in the pain management. DMR. 2022;5.

10. Cosio D. The perseverance loop: the psychology of pain and factors in pain perception. Pract Pain Manag. 2020;20(1).

11. McCarberg B, Peppin J. Pain pathways and nervous system plasticity: learning and memory in pain. Pain Med. 2019;20(12):2421-2437.

12. Nijs J, Leysen L, Vanlauwe, J, et al. Treatment of central sensitization in patients with chronic pain: time for change? Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019;20(16):1961-1970.

13. Ji RR, Nackley A, Huh Y, et al. Neuroinflammation and central sensitization in chronic and widespread pain. Anesthesiology. 2018;129(2):343-366.

14. Smith HS, Kara DK, Argoff CE. Management of neuropathic pain: current insights and future perspectives. US Neurology. 2012;8(1):57-61.

15. Raffa RB, Pergolizzi JV Jr, Tallarida RJ. The determination and application of fixed-dose analgesic combinations for treating multimodal pain. J Pain. 2010;11(8):701-709.

16. Kulkantrakorn K. Emerging concepts and treatment in neuropathic pain. Neurology Asia. 2012;17:265-271.

17. Voscopoulos C, Lema M. When does acute pain become chronic? Br J Anaesth. 2010;105(S1):i69-i85.

18. European Urological Association. Guidelines on Pain Management and Palliative Care. Available at https://d56bochluxqnz.cloudfront.net/media/Pocket-Pain-Management-Urology_LR.pdf. Last accessed October 1, 2025.

19. Scheiman JM. The use of proton pump inhibitors in treating and preventing NSAID-induced mucosal damage. Arthritis Res Ther. 2013;15(Suppl 3):S5.

20. Whittle SL, Colebatch AN, Buchbinder R, et al. Multinational evidence-based recommendations for pain management by pharmacotherapy in inflammatory arthritis: integrating systematic literature research and expert opinion of a broad panel of rheumatologists in the 3e Initiative. Rheumatology. 2012;51:1416-1425.

21. Xu B, Descalzi G, Ye HR, Zhuo M, Wang YW. Translational investigation and treatment of neuropathic pain. Mol Pain. 2012;8:15.

22. Barkin RL, Barkin SJ, Barkin DS. Pharmacotherapeutic management of pain with a focus directed at the geriatric patient. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2007;33(1):1-31.

23. Rahman W, D'Mello R, Dickenson AH. Peripheral nerve injury-induced changes in spinal alpha(2)-adrenoceptor-mediated modulation of mechanically evoked dorsal horn neuronal responses. J Pain. 2008;9:350-359.

24. Marks DM, Shah MJ, Patkar AA, et al. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors for pain control: premise and promise. Cur Neuropharmacology. 2009;7(4):331-336.

25. Blonk MI, Koder BG, van den Bemt P, Huygen FJ. Use of oral ketamine in chronic pain management: a review. Eur J Pain. 2009;14(5):466-472.

26. Patil S, Anitescu M. Efficacy of outpatient ketamine infusions in refractory chronic pain syndromes: a 5-year retrospective analysis. Pain Med. 2012;13(2):263-269.

27. Schwartzman RJ, Alexander GM, Grothusen JR, Paylor T, Reichenberger E, Perreault M. Outpatient intravenous ketamine for the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Pain. 2009;147(1-3):107-115.

28. Dinakar P. Pain management. In: Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, Newman NJ (eds). Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2021.

29. Afilalo M, Morlion B. Efficacy of tapentadol ER for managing moderate to severe chronic pain. Pain Physician. 2013;16(1):27-40.

30. Aggarwal SK. Cannabinergic pain medicine: a concise clinical primer and survey of randomized-controlled trial results. Clin J Pain. 2013;29(2):162-171.

31. Apalla Z, Sotiriou E, Lallas A, Lazaridou E, Ioannides D. Botulinum toxin A in postherpetic neuralgia: a parallel, randomized, double-blind, single-dose, placebo-controlled trial. Clin J Pain. 2013;29(10):857-864.

32. Costigan M, Latremoliere A, Woolf CJ. Analgesia by inhibiting tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2012;12(1): 92-99.

33. McCleane GJ, Suzuki R, Dickenson AH. Does a single intravenous injection of the 5HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron have an analgesic effect in neuropathic pain? A double-blinded, placebo-controlled cross-over study. Anesth Analg. 2003;97(5):1474-1478.

34. Stevans JM, Saper RB. Chronic low back pain. In: Rakel D, Minichiello V (eds). Integrative Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2022.

35. Balagué F, Mannion AF, Pellisé F, Cedraschi C. Nonspecific low back pain. Lancet. 2012;379(9814):482-491.

36. Flor H. New developments in the understanding and management of persistent pain. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2012;25(2):109-113.

37. Haanpää M, Hietaharju A. Central neuropathic pain. In: Kopf A, Patel NB (eds). Guide to Pain Management in Low-Resource Settings. Seattle, WA: IASP Press; 2010: 207-212.

  • Back to Course Home
  • Participation Instructions
    • Review the course material online or in print.
    • Complete the course evaluation.
    • Review your Transcript to view and print your Certificate of Completion. Your date of completion will be the date (Pacific Time) the course was electronically submitted for credit, with no exceptions. Partial credit is not available.